15.11.1.         Preliminary Assessment of Viewpoints and Visual Receptors

  1. A preliminary assessment of the effects of the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development on representative viewpoints in the Seascape study area is presented in Table 15.19   Open ▸ . A detailed assessment follows in Section 15.11.2 for each viewpoint that is identified in the preliminary assessment as requiring detailed assessment.
Table 15.19:
Preliminary Assessment Representative Viewpoints

Table 15.19: Preliminary Assessment Representative Viewpoints

 

  1. A preliminary assessment of the effects of the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development on the visual receptors in the Seascape study area is presented in Table 15.20   Open ▸ with reference to the ZTV analysis in Figure 15.5 to Figure 15.13 A detailed assessment follows in Section 15.11.3 for each visual receptor that is identified in the preliminary assessment as requiring detailed assessment.
Table 15.20:
Preliminary Assessment Visual Receptors

Table 15.20: Preliminary Assessment Visual Receptors

15.11.2.         Detailed Assessment of Daytime Effects on Views

Viewpoint 1 Johnshaven (NCN1)

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 1 Johnshaven (NCN1) are shown in Figure 15.21a-d and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.21e.
  2. Located on the Cove Bay to Milton Ness coastline (SA 3), the viewpoint lies on Fore Street, just behind the shoreline with residential development within Johnshaven behind. The view looking south-east towards the Proposed Development looks over the open North Sea to the sea horizon and is wide and long-ranging. Looking south-west, the view is enclosed by the sweeping sandy beach of Montrose Bay (SA 4); the low hills of Montreathmoor and Rossie covered by a patchwork of farm and woodland behind; Scurdie Ness lighthouse and Red Head’s rugged cliffs jutting beyond the headland of Long Craig (SA 5); and the Angus coastline between Lang Craig to Deil’s Heid (SA 7) in the distance. Johnshaven lies on a convex curve of the coastline, and its buildings enclose the view north and prevail on the coastal edge to the south. Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 28.1 km to the south-east, occupying 33° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is barely visible at 51.7 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is a locally valued area to enjoy the sea with view benches orientated to overlook the sea. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy, but encompasses ‘rugged and intricate scenery’ that is characteristic of the South East Aberdeenshire Coast SLA and afforded planning policy protection. Not recognised informally or known as having particular scenic qualities, the expansive view is largely representative of views from this section of coast, is simple in composition and otherwise has few specific elements or a composition from which scenic value may be derived.
  5. Susceptibility. The village is located within Raised Beach Coast (LCT 13), and characteristically, climbs the slope to the A92 from the shoreline and Fore Street, where the viewpoint is located. The view is representative of the view experienced by residents of the village who gain static, long duration views, often out to sea due to the coastward orientation of the village; and people using NCN1, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the southern Aberdeenshire coastline as they travel along the coastal section of the route between Inverbervie and Johnshaven, avoiding the A92. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The wide view of the sea horizon is the primary focus despite enclosure to the south-west by the sweeping Angus coastline. The offshore site boundary is remote and separated by the open seas from the viewpoint.  The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Seagreen 1 wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 1 Johnshaven (NCN1) is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.21g. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located a long distance, between (approximately) 48.5 km and 95.9 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distances, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond a broad swathe of seascape.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 144 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to appear oblique/side on to the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will appear no greater in vertical scale than the coastal landform to the south-west and of similar vertical scale to Seagreen 1.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 28° of the horizontal field of view (HFoV) but will appear subsumed behind and overlapping much of Seagreen 1 to the north, therefore only adding a further 12° to the HFoV - a narrow portion of the view, in which much of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Seagreen 1 overlap, the combined array may appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines may generally be seen beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast, and headlands intervening seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant, small scale and narrow in lateral extent, that the panoramic views to the sea either side will be retained. The majority of the Proposed Development wind turbines may be seen as blade tip only, with the closest rotors visible above horizon. The ‘rugged and intricate scenery of weathered coastal cliffs and raised beach landforms’ providing the setting to Johnshaven, and current levels of visual amenity will remain largely unchanged.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 48.5 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 2 Montrose

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 2 Montrose are shown in Figure 15.22a-c and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.22e.
  2. The viewpoint is located just behind the shoreline of Montrose Bay (SA4) within Beaches, Dunes and Links (LCT 388). The view looks south-east over the seascape of Montrose Bay from parking at the Montrose Beach facilities on Traill Drive. The seascape in the view extends across a wide bay (Montrose Bay) partially enclosed to the north by the Aberdeenshire coastline between Cove Bay to Milton Ness (SA 3); and to the south by the low peninsula of Scurdie Ness within Long Craig (SA 5). The sweep of Montrose Bay’s sandy beach is backed by low hills falling to the sea at Milton Ness and settled areas within the majority of the ZTV are set slightly inland from the coast. The settled landscape is a mix of farm and woodland with a number of onshore wind turbines visible in the short-medium range on the landform backdrop northwards towards Aberdeenshire. The lighthouse at Scurdie Ness is forms a landmark and focus feature to the south-east. Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 31.8 km to the east/south-east, occupying 29° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is not visible.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium, reflecting that the view has medium value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is located at a locally valued area to enjoy views of the sea, at a recreational facility behind Montrose Beach. Car parking, toilets and other facilities are located here with benches orientated to overlook the sea. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy and neither lies within, nor does it generally overlook a designated landscape, although the coast to the north is locally designated. Not recognised informally or known as having particular scenic qualities, the expansive view is largely representative of views from this section of coast, having few specific elements or a composition from which particular scenic value may be derived.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of people on the beach or utilising the recreational facilities behind, for whom the view is integral to their experience. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea, and receptors are likely to be either slow moving or stationary. The view of the wide bay is part of the primary interest in the view along with focal points such as the lighthouse at Scurdie Ness and the interface of land and coast. The offshore site boundary is remote and separated by open sea from the viewpoint location. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Seagreen 1 wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 2 Montrose is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.22f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 45.3 km and 94.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distances, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context. The Proposed Development wind turbines may be seen on and beyond the horizon, being distant and low on the horizon.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 133 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to appear oblique/side on to the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline and the closest may appear slightly larger than those of Seagreen 1. The wind turbines of both developments will be smaller in vertical scale than the coastal landform of Scurdie Ness and the Aberdeenshire coast. Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarm will be screened by Scurdie Ness.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 28° of the HFoV but will appear partially subsumed behind and overlapping some of Seagreen 1 to the north, therefore only adding a further 20° to the HFoV - a narrow portion of the view, in which much of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. The combined extent of both windfarms may appear contiguous with the Scurdie Ness headland, further enclosing the view to the south of the wide bay yet retaining open, unaffected seascape to the north of Seagreen 1. 
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible. The simple seascape will continue to be the predominant characteristic of the view.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 45.3 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 45-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km).  The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.  

Viewpoint 3 St Andrews Cathedral

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 3 St Andrews Cathedral are shown in Figure 15.23a-c and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.23e.
  2. The viewpoint is located on the clifftop by the cemetery of the ruined St Andrews Cathedral. Looking just south of east, the view of the open sea is wide, yet the seascape in the view is partially enclosed beyond the foreground of stone harbour and pier, by the rocky coastline (SA 12) to the south extending into successive low headlands at Kinkell Ness, Buddo Ness and Babett Ness, and to the north by the Angus coastline beyond the Forth of Tay. In the view to the east, towards the Proposed Development, steep scrub covered slopes rising from the shoreline abruptly turn into level farmland above containing several large buildings and buildings within St Andrews can be seen in the foreground.
  3. To the north, the ruined St Andrews castle is prominent above the rocky coastline (SA 12) against a backdrop of successive layers of landscape: the sandy coastline of St Andrews Bay (SA 11) including West Sands and Tentsmuir Sands, with the extensive Tentsmuir forest forming a long, dark line above; the low hills of north eastern Fife; the settled landscape of Angus, slowly falling to the sea; and beyond, the low skyline of the Sidlaw Hills. Behind the sandy Angus shoreline (SA 8), the landscape is covered by farm and woodland, settlement and occasional tall structures including the wind turbines at Michelin Tyre Factory in Dundee (17.3km away) and Low Lighthouse at Barry Links. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view along the coast approximately 28.5 km to the east, occupying 20° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is barely visible at 56.4 km.
  4. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  5. Value. While not an OS mapped viewpoint, the viewpoint is a well-recognised viewpoint with benches oriented towards the sea to promote the enjoyment of the view. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy, and neither lies in nor overlooks a designated landscape when looking towards the Proposed Development, however parts of the coast to the north are locally designated. It is easily accessible from the surrounding settlement and a popular location for visitors and residents alike due to the presence of the cathedral, castle and the expansive view of the coastline. Much of the Fife coastline that is visible extending east in the view to Fife Ness is locally designated as part of the St Andrews to Fife Ness LLA.
  6. Susceptibility. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to the sea and is representative of the view experienced by people using the clifftop path, including those following the Fife Coastal Path who are likely to make a diversion around the cathedral to view the coastline. The interest of receptors is likely to be on both features such as the cathedral and cemetery in the foreground, as well as the seascape to the east, with the main susceptibility deriving from the potential introduction of elements into the focus of the open sea view. The viewpoint is less representative of views experienced by residents of St Andrews with housing areas generally set further back from the coastal edge than this viewpoint on the coastal path. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view along the coast towards Fife Ness, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 3 St Andrews Cathedral is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.23f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 52.9 km and 94.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distances, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 164 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to be slightly oblique and not fully facing the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than the neighbouring wind turbines of Neart na Gaoithe, and the coastal landform south of the viewpoint. The Proposed Development will introduce additional offshore wind turbine elements that extends the lateral extent of such development at Neart na Gaoithe in the view.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 27° of the HFoV but will appear subsumed behind and overlapping much of Neart na Gaoithe to the south, therefore only adding a further 13° to the HFoV - a narrow portion of the view, in which the majority of the open sea skyline to the north will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Neart na Gaoithe and Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon. The combined extent of both windfarms will appear contiguous with the headland at Fife Ness, further enclosing the view to the south yet retaining open, unaffected seascape to the north of the Proposed Development. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and similar to those of Neart na Gaoithe that the ‘expansive seaward views’ of the ‘rugged coastal edge’ will remain. The simplicity and composition of the seascape will be retained and will continue to be definitive.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 52.9 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km).   The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 4 Cambo Sands

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 4 Cambo Sands are shown in Figure 15.24a-c and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.24e.
  2. The viewpoint is located at the carpark associated with the popular beach on the St Andrews to Fife Ness coast (SA 12) adjoining Coastal Terraces (LCT 193). The view of the sea is expansive and long-range with the shallow slope of the low lying coastline emphasising the sea’s expanse and some containment provided by the coastlines extending north to Angus and south to Fife Ness. The sandy coastline extends northwards to Babett Ness with the mouth of the Tay behind, seen against a backdrop of the Angus coast and Sidlaw Hills inland. The Angus and distant Aberdeen coast encloses much of the view north. To the south, the sandy Fife coastline continues to Fife Ness, the low landform curtailing the view beyond. The Fife Coast Path runs behind the shoreline on this section of coast. A number of onshore wind farms are theoretically visible at long distance to the north on the inland backdrop but have limited influence on the view at such long range. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 19.4 km to the east, occupying 30° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is barely visible at 50.4 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. Facilities at the popular beach include car parking, toilets, picnic area, kiosk and benches orientated towards the sea. The area is a valued location to enjoy sea views but not afforded protection in planning policy. The viewpoint is located within the St Andrews to Fife Ness LLA and takes in its coastline, to the north and south. Scenic quality derives from the relative naturalness of the coastline, the visible expanse of sea and the sandy Fife coastline with the Tay and Angus coast behind.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of people on the beach or the Fife Coast Path, who will appreciate the northern Fife coastline. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The presence of Seagreen 1 and Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarms lowers the susceptibility. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 4 Cambo Sands is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.24f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 44.8 km and 85.2 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to be slightly oblique and not fully facing the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the new offshore wind turbines will be noticeably smaller in vertical scale than similar and closer range wind turbines at Neart na Gaoithe. The Proposed Development will largely appear behind Neart na Gaoithe and will extend into the distance further offshore.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 31° of the HFoV but will appear subsumed behind and overlapping much of Neart na Gaoithe to the south, therefore only adding a further 8° to the HFoV - a narrow portion of the view, in which the majority of the open sea skyline to the north will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond a large open seascape, clearly separated from the coast, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape. The Proposed Development is visually separate from the headland at Fife Ness, and retains open, unaffected seascape to the north of the Proposed Development. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and largely concentrated behind Neart na Gaoithe that the ‘expansive seaward views’ of the ‘rugged coastal edge’ will remain. The simplicity and composition of the seascape will be retained and will continue to be definitive.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. The Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible, having low contrast with the sky at such long-range and during the majority of prevailing visibility conditions. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the wind turbines at 45 km and 10.7% at 50 km.
  3. Even during these ‘maximum’ visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast and visual acuity of the eye to distinguish shapes and details of wind turbines at such distance.

Viewpoint 5 Fife Ness

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 5 Fife Ness are shown in Figure 15.25a-d and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.25f.
  2. The viewpoint is located on the easternmost tip of the East Neuk of Fife coast, behind the shoreline of the rocky, settled coastline (SA 12) adjoining Coastal Terraces (LCT 193). The Fife Coast Path follows the shoreline on this section of coast. Encompassed by open sea, the viewpoint affords an expansive and long-range view out to sea, which is partially interrupted by the presence of Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm on the sea skyline at relatively short to medium range from the viewpoint. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 15.6 km to the east, occupying 36° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is barely visible at 48.6 km. A number of onshore wind farms are theoretically visible at long distance to the north on the inland backdrop but have limited influence on the view at such long range.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. There are no facilities provided for enjoyment of the sea view but the aspect of nearby properties reflects the value of the view for local residents. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the special qualities of the locally designated St Andrews to Fife Ness LLA wherein the viewpoint lies, which are afforded planning policy protection. These qualities include a perceived exposure and sense of remoteness gained from the this most easterly point of Fife and its exposure to the sea and wind. The visible coastline extending in both directions of the view is within St Andrews to Fife Ness LLA.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of local residents and users of the Fife Coastal Path, who appreciate the coastal views. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge and from this headland forming the most eastern and closest point of Fife to the Proposed Development, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The sea horizon and rugged coastal edge that is visually isolated from the coastal landscape inland is typical of the east coast area and provides a particular character of some scenic quality to this landscape. Static caravans, nearby houses and a coastguard station with a mast detract from the natural quality of the shoreline. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 5 Fife Ness is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.24g. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 41.7 km and 81.1 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 173 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to be slightly oblique and not fully facing the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the new offshore wind turbines will be noticeably smaller in vertical scale than the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines, which are closer to the viewpoint. The Proposed Development will appear almost entirely behind Neart na Gaoithe, located at greater distance offshore.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to approximately 32° HFoV, however due to their closer location of Neart na Gaoithe to the viewpoint, its wider HFoV and the apparently greater vertical scale, Neart na Gaoithe will appear to encompass much of the Proposed Development. The Proposed Development will only add a further 4° to the HFoV - a very narrow portion of the wide panorama, in which much of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen behind Neart na Gaoithe on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, clearly separated from the coast, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be sufficiently distant that the ‘expansive seaward views’ of the ‘rugged coastal edge’ that is ‘visually isolated from the coastal landscape inland’ will largely remain unchanged. The perceived simplicity and composition of the seascape will be retained and will continue to be definitive.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 41.7 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 28.6% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 40-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km).  The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 6 Crail

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 6 Crail are shown in Figure 15.26a-c and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.26e.
  2. The viewpoint lies on the Fife Coastal Path near Orchard Braes on the southern edge of Crail, on the East Neuk of Fife coastline (SA 14) adjoining the Coastal Terraces (LCT 193). The view is enclosed by Crail and the Fife coastline to the north east; and to the south beyond the mouth of the Firth of Forth and the Isle of May, the low lying East Lothian Coast. The distinctive village of Crail lies on the low clifftop around a small bay, dropping down steeply to a historic stone harbour and sandy beach.  Another small bay, Roome Harbour lies beyond with new residential development on the clifftop and a caravan park just behind the shoreline. The Fife Coast Path largely follows the coastline. The view extends out to sea across the bay and although wide, is partially enclosed by the rocky coastline to the north within the bay and by the coastline of East Lothian beyond the Firth of Forth to the south, within which the Isle of May forms a distinctive focal point. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 18.5 km to the north-east, occupying 32° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is barely visible at 52.4 km. A number of onshore wind farms grouping are theoretically visible at long distance to the south on the upland backdrop of East Lothian/Scottish Borders (Crystal Rig/Aikengall and Drone Hill/Quixwood/Penmansheil) but have limited influence on the view at such long range.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is a location where views of the sea and the setting of Crail may be appreciated from the settlement’s coastal edge or the Fife Coastal Path.  There are no facilities provided for appreciating the view. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy, but takes in the East Neuk LLA, whose special qualities are protected, when looking in either direction along the coast. While the expansive view to the sea horizon is typical of this coastline, the addition of the Isle of May and distant East Lothian coast adds particular interest. The historic character of Crail and its harbour is uncommon and is complemented by the relatively gentle and comfortable quality of the coastline.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by visitors to and residents of the town as well as people using the Fife Coast Path, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the coastline of the East Neuk. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The nearby harbour and old town offer visual interest and texture to a view otherwise dominated by the simplicity of the sea horizon.  The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 6 Crail is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.26f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 45 km and 83.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to be slightly oblique and not fully facing the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than those of Neart na Gaoithe.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy 31° of the HFoV but will appear subsumed behind and overlapping Neart na Gaoithe, only adding a further 1° to the HFoV - a very narrow portion of the view, in which the majority of the sea skyline to the north between Neart na Gaoithe and the coast will be retained and the wider sea views to the south unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and largely concentrated behind Neart na Gaoithe that the ‘expansive seaward views’ of the ‘rugged coastal edge’ will remain. The simplicity and composition of the seascape will be retained and will continue to be definitive.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 45 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 45-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 7 North Berwick Law

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 7 North Berwick Law are shown in Figure 15.27a-d, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.27c.
  2. Adjoining the southern edge of North Berwick, North Berwick Law is an iconic landmark feature and a popular visitor attraction. The viewpoint is located on the summit of the law within Coastal Terraces (LCT 278). The John Muir Way passes by the law to the west, following the Eyebroughy to Torness Point coastline (SA 18) west from the town centre. The summit of North Berwick Law affords a panoramic view over North Berwick and the wider landscape and coastal setting, including the Firth of Forth, Bass Rock and the islands of Fidra, Lamb and Craigleith which form distinctive characteristics in the seascape context of the view. Tantallon Castle also forms a landmark focal feature in thew view along the coast. The wider view extends across the East Lothian plain to the Lammermuir Hills, where the large onshore wind farm grouping formed by Crystal Rig and Aikengall wind farms occupies part of the upland skyline. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea behind Bass Rock, approximately 33.1 km to the north-east, occupying 21° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 71.6 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is a location where views of the sea and the setting of North Berwick may be appreciated from the elevated viewpoint. There are no facilities provided for appreciating the view, although a whalebone arch provides a framing device for visitors to the summit. The specific view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the panoramic views, including the coast and setting of North Berwick, that are a special quality of the locally designated North Berwick Law SLA afforded protection by planning policy. The views take in the Tantallon Coast, and Port Seton to North Berwick Coast SLAs, covering the East Lothian coastline immediately below the law; and the Isle of May and East Neuk LLAs covering the island and the Fife coastline beyond. Looking south east, the landscape includes Leuchie, Tyninghame, and Broxmouth Park GDLs. The expansive view from elevation is not typical of this coastline, due to the flat topography and low number of high points such as the law. The islands in the Forth, Isle of May, Bass Rock and distant East Lothian coast adds particular interest. Shipping activity in the firth and development along both of its shores detracts from the quality of the view.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by visitors to the summit of the law, who visit specifically to experience the view, whose interest and attention will be focused on the panorama, from a static position at the summit over relatively short duration and generally limited to occasional visits. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from an elevated point, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The view out to sea includes specific focal points, such as Bass Rock, yet is part of a wider panorama that includes other features of interest in the view. The Forth, its islands and the opposing coast are the primary focus, with the nearby town and harbour, and surrounding landscape offering much visual interest and texture to a large scale view including the sea horizon.  The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 7 North Berwick Law is shown in the wireline in Figure 15.27c. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 56 km and 91.8 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. Due to the elevation of the viewpoint, the vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be greater than at other viewpoints, but still relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the larger scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will appear smaller in vertical scale than islands within the Firth of Forth, and hills inland of the nearby opposing coastlines. The Proposed Development will introduce new offshore wind turbine elements beyond those within Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarm.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 29° of the horizontal field of view (HFoV) but will appear subsumed behind and overlapping much of Neart na Gaoithe to the north, therefore only adding a further 20° to the HFoV - a relatively narrow portion of the view, in which much of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will generally be seen beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast and headlands. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant, small scale and contained in lateral extent, that the panoramic views to the sea either side will be retained. When visible, the Proposed Development will extend across the horizon between Bass Rock and Tantallon Castle, contributing to an increase in the distant offshore wind turbine backdrop to Bass Rock, that has been established by Neart na Gaoithe. 
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 56 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 8 Tantallon Castle

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 8 Tantallon Castle are shown in Figure 15.28a-d and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.28f.
  2. The viewpoint lies on the Eyebroughy to Torness Point coastline (SA 18) adjoining Coastal Terraces (LCT 278), east of North Berwick. The view looks north-east to the outer Firth of Forth with Tantallon Castle in the foreground and Bass Rock offshore in the middle distance forming distinctive features that frame and contain the view out to the sea skyline. The rocky Gin Head encloses the view to the northwest with the relatively unspoilt landscape of the coast to the south-east. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 29.4 km to the north-east, occupying 23° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 68.4 km. The wider view extends across the East Lothian plain to the Lammermuir Hills, where the large onshore wind farm grouping formed by Crystal Rig and Aikengall wind farms occupies part of the upland skyline.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is a location where views of the sea and the setting of the castle may be appreciated from the castle grounds or the John Muir Way.  The specific view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the special qualities of the locally designated Tantallon Coast SLA, which are afforded planning policy protection. While the expansive view to the sea horizon is typical of this coastline, the addition of the castle in the foreground and Bass Rock beyond is particularly distinctive to this location and often photographed or depicted within visual artworks. The combination of the castle and Bass Rock is unique along the southern shore of the Forth and is complemented by the relatively natural quality and comfortable scale of the coastline.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by visitors to the castle and/or its grounds, and users of the John Muir Way. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The castle and Bass Rock are the principal attractors within a view otherwise characterised by the simplicity of the sea horizon, with shipping activity within the Forth, and the Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarm on the horizon. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 8 Tantallon Castle is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.28g. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at a very long distance, between (approximately) 52.2 km and 88.1 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such a long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than many of the other features in the view, including similar wind turbines within Neart na Gaoithe, and the coastal landforms and islands. The Proposed Development will add new offshore wind turbine elements to those at Neart na Gaoithe and Seagreen 1, visibility of the latter being limited to its blade tips.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to 31° of the horizontal field of view (HFoV) but will appear partially behind and overlapping part of Neart na Gaoithe to the north, therefore only adding a further 22° to the HFoV, which constitutes a relatively narrow portion of the view. The additional spread of the Proposed Development also extends into the distance offshore with limited amounts of the upper parts of the Proposed Development wind turbines visible. Where the Proposed Development and Neart na Gaoithe overlap, the combined array will appear denser.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen partially behind NGG and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’, but will be viewed ‘within’ the framed seascape contained between Bass Rock/Isle of May and Tantallon Castle, such that it contributes some enclosure of the view between these landmarks, contributing to an increase in the distant offshore wind turbine backdrop to Bass Rock and Tantallon, that has been established by Neart na Gaoithe. 
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. Moderate effects are assessed as not significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘lower’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered not significant on receptors experiencing this view primarily due to the magnitude of change factors evaluated, which is assessed as medium-low at worst, given the distance of the Proposed Development over 52.2 km from the viewpoint, the apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines at this distance, their position beyond the sea skyline and their introduction as further elements that are already characteristic in the baseline view, in which Neart na Gaoithe has a moderating influence.
  2. Excellent visibility will also be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 52.2 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 9 Tyninghame (Ravensheugh Sands)

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 9 Tyninghame (Ravensheugh Sands) are shown in Figure 15.29a-c, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.29c.
  2. The viewpoint is located on the shoreline of the popular beach at Ravensheugh Sands within the Eyebroughy to Torness Point coastline (SA18) adjoining Coastal Terraces (LCT 278). The broad sandy beach extends across the view in the foreground with an open and long-range view of the sea beyond, partially enclosed by the sweeping landform of the bay, Bass Rock and the landform backdrop coastline of Fife to the north. Beyond St Baldred’s Boat, Bass Rock forms a distinctive focal point in the view across the sands and partially encloses the view north-west, while St Baldred’s Cradle encloses the view to the south-east. Large scale tankers often dot the sea skyline heading in and out of the Firth of Forth. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 29.2 km to the north-east, occupying 23° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is not visible.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the ‘relative remoteness, wildness and naturalness’ of the locally designated Tantallon Coast SLA, whose special qualities are afforded planning policy protection. The viewpoint lies on the boundary of the SLA and the near coincident Tyninghame GDL, with views encompassing both. Belhaven Bay SLA adjoins the Tantallon Coast SLA just south of the viewpoint, and its Special Quality 13 emphasises the ‘good long distance views throughout much of the area’, particularly the ‘superb views along the coast in both directions’ from St Baldred’s Cradle. The relative naturalness of the coastline, the visible expanse of sea and the sandy shores with the Fife coastline beyond are typical of this section of the East Lothian coastline. Bass Rock is particularly distinctive across the sandy back at the end of Ravensheugh Sands and the view across the sands is locally well recognised as having particular qualities that draw visitors to the beach and the nearby camping facilities.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the views obtainable by people on the beach or the John Muir Way, who may appreciate the East Lothian coastline. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea with shipping activity within the Forth, and the Seagreen 1 and Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarms on the horizon. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change. 
Magnitude of change
  1.  The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 9 Tyninghame (Ravensheugh Sands) is shown in the wireline in Figure 15.29c. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 50.9 km and 87.3 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The Proposed Development wind turbines will generally appear behind the horizon, with the majority as blade tip only. The upper towers and rotors of 163 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than other features in the view, including the coastal landform and Bass Rock.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be partially behind and overlapping Neart na Gaoithe to the north, but generally forms a southern extension to Neart na Gaoithe on the sea skyline, adding up to a further 27° of wind farm developed skyline to the HFoV, a relatively narrow portion of the view. The additional spread of the Proposed Development also extends into the distance offshore with limited amounts of the upper parts of the Proposed Development wind turbines visible. Despite this addition, the majority of the wide, open sea skyline will be retained to the south, and the skyline north of Neart na Gaoithe remains unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will generally be seen beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, and is clearly separated from the mainland coast, avoiding focal points such as Bass Rock and the backdrop of Fife to the north.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 50.9 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 10 Dunbar

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 10 Dunbar are shown in Figure 15.30a-c and a baseline 53.5° HFoV photomontage including Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is shown in Figure 15.30e.
  2. The viewpoint is located within a developed section of the Eyebroughy to Torness Point coastline (SA 18) adjoining Coastal Terraces (LCT 278). The viewpoint lies on a surfaced section of the John Muir Way, on the clifftop opposite Wallace’s Head and near the war memorial.  The view out to the relatively wide, open seascape overlooks a small distinctive rocky sandstone bay with Dunbar castle remains and Dunbar Harbour to the east and built form within the settlement behind and to the west. Dunbar Leisure Pool sits in a prominent position at the top of the rocks to the east near the harbour. The sandstone geology and rocks that are scattered around the foreground (Scart Rock, Wallace Head, The Gripes) are distinctive and characteristic elements. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 28.1 km to the north-east, occupying 23° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 68.3 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of Special Quality 13 of the locally designated Belhaven Bay SLA, ‘good long distance views’ and in particular, the ‘view from the cliff top path at Dunbar’, which is afforded planning policy protection. Benches along the path allow for appreciation of views. While the expansive view to the sea horizon is typical of this coastline, the view is made notable by the red sandstone cliffs, characteristic geology/rocks scattered around the foreground and the ruined castle at Dunbar Harbour. These elements add interest to the view and differentiates it from other views from the coastline.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by residents of the neighbouring buildings, and people using the John Muir Way, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the coastline of East Lothian. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. Although the sea is the largest single feature in the view, its simplicity in comparison with the settled, rocky coastline means that there is no clear focal point within the view and seaward views and views along the coast are equally of interest. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.