Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 10 Dunbar is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.30f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 48.4 km and 85.2 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such a long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the new offshore wind turbines will appear smaller in vertical scale than those of Neart na Gaoithe, with which it overlaps. wind turbines within Seagreen 1 lie almost entirely below the horizon and will be imperceptible.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be partially behind and overlapping Neart na Gaoithe to the north, but generally forms a southern extension to Neart na Gaoithe on the sea skyline, adding up to a further 30° of wind farm developed skyline to the HFoV - a relatively moderate portion of the view. Despite this addition, open sea skyline will be retained to the south, retaining seascape separation between the Proposed Development and the landform of the coast, and the skyline north of Neart na Gaoithe remains unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will generally be seen beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, and is clearly separated from the mainland coast, avoiding focal points such as Dunbar Castle. The Proposed Development will however, contribute to an increase in the influence of distant offshore wind turbines in the backdrop to the characteristic rocky coastline, which has been established by Neart na Gaoithe. 
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. Moderate effects are assessed as not significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘lower’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered not significant on receptors experiencing this view primarily due to the magnitude of change factors evaluated, which is assessed as medium-low at worst, given the distance of the Proposed Development over 48.4 km from the viewpoint, the apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines at this distance, their position beyond the sea skyline and their introduction as further elements that are already characteristic in the baseline view, in which Neart na Gaoithe has a moderating influence.
  2. Excellent visibility will also be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 48.4 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 11 Skateraw

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 11 Skateraw are shown in Figure 15.31a-c, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.31b.
  2. The viewpoint lies within the Eyebroughy to Torness Point coastline (SA 18) adjoining Coastal Margins (LCT 27). The viewpoint is located next to a car park with toilets, picnic area and bicycle racks on the John Muir Way. The typically low lying rocky coastline contains the view across the seascape between Skateraw Harbour lying and Chapel Point in the foreground to the distant sea skyline beyond. To the west, there is little development and the beach is characteristically sandy and largely natural in appearance. To the east, Torness Nuclear Power Station dominates the view and there are associated harbour and sea defences enclosing the view. Large scale tankers are often present on the sea skyline heading in and out of the Firth of Forth. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view across Chapel Point out to sea approximately 28.6 km to the north-east, occupying 22° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is not visible. The wider view extends inland to the Lammermuir Hills, where onshore wind turbines within the grouping formed by Crystal Rig and Aikengall wind farms occupy part of the upland skyline.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium, reflecting that the view has medium value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but parts of the visible coastline are representative of the rugged and rocky coast that is afforded planning policy protection as Special Quality 1 of the locally designated Thorntonloch to Dunglass Coast SLA. The scenic qualities that contribute to value have been particularly influenced at this location by the influence of large scale development, notably the bulk of Torness Nuclear Power Station and is associated development. Facilities at the location including visitor parking access to the small sandy beach, and benches oriented towards the sea, reflect the value of the seaward view.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by people using the John Muir Way, and visitors to Skateraw beach and harbour, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the coastline of East Lothian, and users of the facilities. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity, Torness Nuclear Power Station and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 11 Skateraw is shown in the wireline in Figure 15.31b. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 45.9 km and 82.9 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than those of Neart na Gaoithe, and nearby buildings comprising Torness Power Station. The Proposed Development will introduce new offshore wind turbine elements similar to those of Neart na Gaoithe.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a small gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe that may occupy up to approximately 37° of the HFoV - a relatively moderate portion of the view. The Proposed Development may contribute to increasing the enclosure of the seascape horizon to the bay formed at Skateraw Harbour between Chapel Point and the breakwater, contributing to an increase in the distant offshore wind turbine backdrop, that has been established by Neart na Gaoithe.  Despite this increased enclosure, the Proposed Development wind turbines will generally be seen beyond the horizon viewed as a ‘horizon development’ at long range, with wind turbines that will appear to be of smaller vertical scale than those of Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm and will relate legibly to the existing energy generation characteristics that are distinctive in the view.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 45.9 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 45-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 12 Cove (SUW)

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 12 Cove (SUW) are shown in Figure 15.32a-c, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.32c.
  2. The viewpoint lies on a clifftop section of the Torness Point to St Abb’s Head (SA 18) coastline east of the village of Cove, where the Berwickshire Coastal Path/Southern Upland Way heads inland. Rough grassland on the clifftop is backed by improved grassland of Coastal Farmland (LCT 110) and the eastern coastline appears similarly settled behind relatively low cliffs. The coastline to the west is more developed with housing at Cove nearby and beyond, the cement works and Torness Nuclear Power Station prominent against a backdrop of Bass Rock, the Firth of Forth, and the Fife coast beyond. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. Shipping in the Forth is evident. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 31.1 km to the north-east, occupying 19° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 69.9 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium value and the receptors experiencing the view have a medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but takes in ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coastline within the locally designated Berwickshire Coast SLA, whose special qualities are protected. There are no facilities promoting enjoyment of the seaward view apart from a small sculpture placed at a vantage point above the cliff. The industrial nature of the power station and nearby cement works, alongside shipping activity in the Forth, detract from the quality and scenic value of the view. The view is generally typical of views from clifftop sections of this stretch of coastline but appears less ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ than sections further east due the influence of settlement and development.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by users of the Berwickshire Coastal Path/Southern Upland Way, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the coastline of East Lothian and residents of the small village of Cove, who gain long-term views from their primary place of residence. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea, however the Proposed Development is separated from the viewpoint by large areas of open seascape. While the open sea horizon is the natural focus of attention, Torness Nuclear Power Station seen against a backdrop of Bass Rock and the Fife coastline, provides another visual focus. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity, Torness Nuclear Power Station and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change and significance of effect in EIA terms
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 12 Cove (SUW) is shown in the wireline in Figure 15.32c. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 45.6 km and 82.6 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline and appear similar in scale to the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines, and smaller in vertical scale than the coastal landform to the south east, and Torness Nuclear Power Station.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a clear gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development may occupy up to approximately 38° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the view, representing an increase in the undeveloped sea skyline to the south of Neart na Gaoithe, while avoiding change to the seascape to the north of Neart na Gaoithe where the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development and wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant, separate from the coast and relatively small in vertical scale such that the perceived qualities of a ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coast will remain and continue to be definitive in the view despite the presence of the Proposed Development.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. Moderate effects are assessed as not significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘lower’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered not significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘lower’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered not significant primarily due to the magnitude of change factors evaluated, which is assessed as medium-low at worst, given the distance of the Proposed Development over 45.6 km from the viewpoint, the apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines at this distance, their position beyond the sea skyline and their introduction as further elements that are already characteristic in the baseline view, in which Neart na Gaoithe has a moderating influence.
  2. Excellent visibility will also be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 45.6 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 45-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 13 Fast Castle

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 13 Fast Castle are shown in Figure 15.33a-d, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.33c.
  2. The ruined castle lies in the immediate foreground with the unspoilt coastline (SA 18) stretching north-west and south-east; and Coastal Moorland (LCT 112) extending up the steep slope behind the exposed and isolated viewpoint. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. To the north-west, Torness point, the power station, and the distinctive profile of North Berwick Law are visible in the distance. To the south-east, the headland of a neighbouring small bay screens the view with the very tip of St Abb’s Head just visible beyond. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 31.4 km to the north-east, occupying 17° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 67.9 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is largely representative of the ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ special quality of the locally designated Berwickshire Coast SLA, which is protected. The viewpoint is most valued for the remains of Fast Castle in the foreground, which stand on a plateau promontory surrounded by cliffs falling to the sea, creating a dramatic and distinctive setting. There are no particular facilities promoting enjoyment of the seaward view, which is dominated by the sea and the steep rocky coastline, typical of views from this stretch of coastline. Torness Nuclear Power Station, North Berwick Law and Bass Rock are visible in the distance to the north, with the power station detracting from the natural quality of the view. albeit without the drama and complexity evident further east. 
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by users of the John Muir Way, who gain dynamic but protracted views along the coastline of East Lothian. The attention of viewers at this location is likely to be focused on the seascape and in particular the coastal setting of Fast Castle, which is in the foreground of the principal outlook towards the Proposed Development. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from an elevated area of the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea due to the elevation and exposure. The view is representative of views from this section of coastline and apart from the ruins of the small castle, generally lacks built elements, with the exception of Torness Nuclear Power Station to the north and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines are visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 13 Fast Castle is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.33g. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 40.4 km and 78.1 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline and will appear larger than those of Neart na Gaoithe but will appear much smaller than the coastal landform.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a clear gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development may occupy up to approximately 43° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the view, representing an increase in the undeveloped sea skyline to the south of Neart na Gaoithe, while avoiding change to the seascape to the north of Neart na Gaoithe where the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development and wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development will add a wind farm influence in the seascape backdrop of Fast Castle, which is in the foreground of the principal outlook towards the Proposed Development. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and visually separate from the coastline, that the perceived qualities of a ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coast will remain and continue to be definitive in the views along the coastline despite the presence of the Proposed Development offshore.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as significant (major/moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. It is a combination of the higher sensitivity of this more remote and less developed section of coastline, its elevation affording longer range views down over the Proposed Development, together with its closer proximity and wider HFoV without strong influence of Neart na Gaoithe in the baseline, which results in the significant visual effect assessed at this viewpoint.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 40.4 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 28.6% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 40-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 14 Tun Law

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 14 Tun Law are shown in Figure 15.34a-c, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.34c.
  2. The viewpoint lies above vertiginous cliffs at Heathery Carr and Snuffhole Stells, on the John Muir Way and near the eponymous Scheduled Monument. Within the Torness Point to St Abbs Head (SA18) coastline adjoining Coastal Moorland (LCT 112), the cliffs are topped with grazing land and appear remote and nearly unsettled. While the western coastline is obscured by tall cliffs jutting into the sea, the lower St Abb’s Head (SA19) is visible to the east. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 33.3 km to the north-east, occupying 15° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 68.4 km. The wider view extends inland across Coldingham Moor to the Drone Hill/Quixwood/Penmansheil onshore wind farm cluster and to the more distant Crystal Rig/Aikengall wind farm grouping on the upland skyline of the Lammermuir Hills.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is largely representative of the ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ special quality of the locally designated Berwickshire Coast SLA, which forms the visible coastline extending to the north and south of the view. There are no facilities such as benches or signage specifically promoting enjoyment of the seaward view, however the Berwickshire Coastal Path provides access and affords opportunity to experience the sea views while walking this coastal edge between St Abb’s Head and Fast Castle Head. The view from the exposed viewpoint on the largely natural coastline is dominated by the wide, open seascape and lacks built elements apart from St Abbs lighthouse just visible to the east and the distant Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind turbines. The view is largely typical of views from clifftop sections of this stretch of coastline.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by users of the Berwickshire Coastal Path, who gain dynamic but protracted views along this coastal section of the Scottish Borders. The attention of viewers at this location is likely to switch focus between the oblique view to the seascape and the view of the coastline in the direction of travel along the Berwickshire Coastal Path. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from an elevated position on the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea due to the elevation and exposure. The viewpoint lacks views of the dramatic cliffs due to its contained location. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity and the distant Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 14 Tun Law is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.34f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 39.6 km and 77.7 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline and appear larger than those of Seagreen 1 and Neart na Gaoithe, but the wind turbines will be smaller in vertical scale than the coastal landform.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a clear gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development may occupy up to approximately 44° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the view, representing an increase in the undeveloped sea skyline to the south of Neart na Gaoithe, while avoiding change to the seascape to the north of Neart na Gaoithe where the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development and wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant, separate from the coast and relatively small in vertical scale such that the perceived qualities of a ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coast will remain and continue to be definitive in the view despite the presence of the Proposed Development offshore.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as significant major/moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. It is a combination of the higher sensitivity of this more remote and less developed section of coastline, its elevation affording longer range views down over the Proposed Development, together with its closer proximity and wider HFoV without strong influence of Neart na Gaoithe in the baseline, which results in the significant visual effect assessed at this viewpoint.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 39.6 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 28.6% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 40-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 15 St Abb's Head

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 15 St Abb's Head are shown in Figure 15.35a-d, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.35c.
  2. The OS mapped viewpoint lies on a peak slightly set back from the lighthouse and coastline between St Abbs Head and Eyemouth (SA 19) within Coastal Moorland (LCT 112). The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. The view extends along the coastline of East Lothian to the north, with dramatic coastal cliffs and Torness power station on Torness Point (SA 18) barely discernible beyond; and along the Scottish Borders coastline (SA 19, SA 20) to the south. Much of the immediate foreground and the land above the vertiginous cliffs to the west is covered by rough grassland. Apart from the lighthouse and associated infrastructure within St Abbs NNR, there is little human influence on the landscape beyond grazed fields, while shipping activity and offshore windfarms at Neart na Gaoithe and Seagreen 1 are notable at sea. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 33.2 km to the north-east, occupying 14° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 68.4 km.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is an OS marked viewpoint, reflecting its location as a specific destination viewpoint that people visit to experience the view. There are no particular facilities such as benches or signage provided for enjoyment of the view, however it is accessible via the Berwickshire Coastal Path, which facilitates access to experience the views from this section of coast. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the special qualities of the locally designated Berwickshire Coast SLA wherein the viewpoint lies, which are afforded planning policy protection.  The view is represents one of the most dramatic sections of Scotland’s east coast, due the elevation of the cliff and drama created at their interface with the sea, and the elevated coastal moorland unique to this part of the Scottish Borders. As this distinctive coastline has few built elements that detract from the ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ qualities of the view, there is a strong sense of place. The visible coastline is also highly valued for its geological interest.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by walkers on the Berwickshire Coastal Path, who gain dynamic and protracted views along this section of Scotland’s eastern coastline; and visitors to St Abb’s Head lighthouse and OS marked viewpoint, who may visit specifically to experience the view from this exposed point. The direct view out to sea from the elevated coastal edge takes in a large area of wide, open sea with large-scale and simple composition. The drama, vertical scale and interest is focused particularly in view north-west along the steep cliffs of the Berwickshire coastline and their interface with the nearshore seas in which the main focal points of interest are concentrated. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity and the Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 15 St Abb's Head is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.35g. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 38.2 km and 76.6 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be moderate, due to their relative distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The Proposed Development wind turbines will appear slightly larger than those of Neart na Gaoithe, which are located more inshore; and much larger than those of Seagreen 1, which are located behind and to the north of the Proposed Development. The towers of a relatively large number of the Proposed Development wind turbines may be visible in their entirety, while many other towers may be largely visible.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a clear gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development may occupy up to approximately 44° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the view, representing an increase in the undeveloped sea skyline to the south of Neart na Gaoithe, while avoiding change to the seascape to the north of Neart na Gaoithe where the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development and wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development will increase the wind farm influenced seascape backdrop, however it is sufficiently distant and visually separate from the coastline forming the main focus of the view, that the perceived qualities of a ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coast will remain and continue to be definitive in the views along the coastline despite the presence of the Proposed Development offshore.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as significant (major/moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. It is a combination of the higher sensitivity of this more remote and less developed section of coastline, its elevation affording longer range views down over the Proposed Development, together with its closer proximity and wider HFoV without strong influence of Neart na Gaoithe in the baseline, which results in the significant visual effect assessed at this viewpoint.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 38.2 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 28.6% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 40-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 16 Eyemouth

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 16 Eyemouth are shown in Figure 15.36a-c, which includes Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm shown in the baseline panorama in Figure 15.36c.
  2. The viewpoint lies on a trodden path at the northeast corner of the ruined Fort Point on Hairy Ness and is surrounded by sea. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. The rugged cliffs and rocky coastline to St Abbs Head (SA 19) partially enclose the view north-west and comprises successive bays: Killiedraught, Coldingham and beyond St Abbs, Starney. The adjoining Coastal Valley (LCT 121) is predominantly farmland with clustered small settlements. The lighthouse at St Abb’s Head is just visible behind the headland. To the south-east, the gentler coastline to Ramfauds (SA 20) including Eyemouth harbour and rising land behind the town, foreshortens the view. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view out to sea approximately 37.6 km to the north-east, occupying 13° of the horizontal field of view and forming the main scale comparators at sea, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is unlikely to be visible at 72 km. The wider view extends inland across Coldingham Moor to the wind turbine blade tips of Drone Hill and Penmansheil onshore wind farms and the single wind turbine at Pressmains Farm.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting that the view has medium-high value and the receptors experiencing the view have medium-high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is not an OS marked viewpoint, nor is it a specific viewpoint with facilities for visitors, however its location provides a striking view of Coldingham Bay and St Abb’s Head. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy, but the ‘very attractive’ Coldingham Bay and the surrounding cliff features are characteristic of this part of the locally designated Berwickshire Coast SLA, which is afforded protection in planning policy. The relatively coastline in the view is less dramatic than the views experienced from sections of coast further north, taking in the agricultural hinterland and pockets of settlement, but is relatively unusual due to the visibility of the coastal cliffs, its low level, gentler topography and pocket sandy bays set within the rocky coast with associated clustered settlement. 
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by walkers on the Berwickshire Coastal Path and visitors to Fort Point, whose attention and interest are likely to be on the surrounding seascape, the rocky coastline, the cliffs enclosing Coldingham Bay, and St Abb’s Head. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. To a degree the viewpoint represents worst-case views from residential areas of Eyemouth, however these are set further back from the coast and do not generally have the same level of exposure to the sea as is gained at Fort Point. The view encompasses distinctive features of coastline such as Coldingham Bay and St. Abb’s Head. The visual amenity experienced by the viewers is already influenced by the presence of shipping activity and by the distant Neart na Gaoithe wind turbines as visible elements experienced in the view of the sea, which moderates the viewers susceptibility to change.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 16 Eyemouth is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.36f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 39.1 km and 78.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be moderate, due to their relative distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view. The Proposed Development wind turbines will appear slightly larger than those of Neart na Gaoithe, which are located more inshore than the Proposed Development. wind turbines within Seagreen 1, will be imperceptible as they lie beyond the horizon. A relatively large number of the Proposed Development wind turbine towers will be largely visible.
  5. The Proposed Development will be visually separate from Neart na Gaoithe with a clear gap between them on the sea skyline, forming a distinct new array to the south of Neart na Gaoithe. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development may occupy up to approximately 44° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the view, representing an increase in the undeveloped sea skyline to the south of Neart na Gaoithe, while avoiding change to the seascape to the north of Neart na Gaoithe where the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline views unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development and wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development will increase the wind farm influenced seascape backdrop however, it is sufficiently distant and visually separate from the St Abbs coastline forming the main focus of the view, that the perceived qualities of a ‘dramatic and wild, expansive and exciting’ coast will remain and continue to be definitive in the views along the coastline despite the presence of the Proposed Development offshore.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as significant (moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. Moderate effects are assessed as significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘upper’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered significant primarily due the combination of the medium magnitude of change assessed (in comparison to the medium-low magnitude at other viewpoints with not significant (moderate) effects and the sensitivity of this more remote and less developed section of coastline, its elevation affording longer range views down over the Proposed Development, together with its closer proximity and wider HFoV without a strong influence of Neart na Gaoithe in the baseline, which results in the significant visual effect assessed at this viewpoint.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 39.1 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of relatively low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 28.6% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 40-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 17 Berwick-upon-Tweed

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 17 Berwick-upon-Tweed are shown in Figure 15.37a-b and e.
  2. The viewpoint is set back from the coastline and elevated on the medieval and post medieval ramparts within Berwick-upon-Tweed, within the North Tweed Coast (LCT 4a), and looks north-east over the Rural Northumberland and Coastal Waters (MCA 23), and Berwick Bank (MCA 26) to the sea horizon. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape beyond the foreground of Magdalene Fields Golf Club and holiday parks containing static caravans. Small groups of trees and woodland in the middle ground screen the view along the coast north-west and there are views inland of the developed areas of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is theoretically visible in the view north along the coast at very long range, approximately 50.0 km from the viewpoint, occupying 1° of the horizontal field of view, however there is foreground screening and as Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is also not visible, there is a general lack of scale comparators at sea.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be medium-high, reflecting the medium-high value of the view and the medium susceptibility to change of receptors experiencing the view, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The view is not afforded specific protection in planning policy but is located within and encompasses a view over part of the North Northumberland Heritage Coast at Berwick-upon-Tweed. This section of coastline is strongly settled with little notable interaction between the sea and the landscape behind. The reduced naturalness of the view is due in part to the Magdalene Fields Golf Club and permanent caravans that detract from the coastline. The landscape in view is not representative of the ‘natural coastline of rocky headlands and cliffs’ or the ‘extensive sweeping sandy beaches and dynamic sand dune systems’ of the Northumberland Coast AONB, which extends to the south but is largely out of view. The view is valued primarily be people visiting and walking the ramparts which afford an elevated view of the coastal setting of the town.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by users of Berwickshire Coastal Path and visitors to Berwick-upon-Tweed ramparts, which can be walked as a complete circuit  Viewers attention is likely to be on the surrounding landscape with the points of interest and focus likely to vary between Berwick-upon-Tweed Ramparts and Barracks in the immediate context, and the wider view of the seascape and coastal setting. This moderates susceptibility as the viewers’ attention is more likely to be on the Ramparts and aspects of the view into the town than out to sea. The viewpoint affords a view out to sea from the elevated ramparts, in which viewers are liable to be influenced by development in the sea beyond the immediate coastal landscape setting, however the viewpoint is separated by large areas of open seascape and the focal points of views is within the immediate landscape of the Ramparts. The susceptibility of viewers to change is partially moderated by the influence of existing development in the view, including a golf course and holiday park in the foreground.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 17 Berwick-upon-Tweed is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.37e. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as medium-low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at long distance, between (approximately) 46 km and 86.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 179 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines is likely to appear small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view, however the lack of scale comparators at sea is likely to make the scale of the wind turbines difficult to determine. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline. The Proposed Development will introduce new offshore wind turbine elements to the view as Neart na Gaoithe is screened by landform and tree cover.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to approximately 38° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the wider sea view, in which a larger proportion of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and small scale, that the open views to the sea are retained and the perception of a ‘predominantly horizontal landscape and seascape’ providing the setting to ‘iconic historic and cultural landmark features’ will largely remain and will continue to be definitive in the moderate levels of visual amenity experienced.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the medium-high sensitivity of the viewpoint and medium-low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate), direct, long-term and reversible. Moderate effects are assessed as not significant on receptors experiencing this view as they fall within the ‘lower’ grey area of the matrix (indicated in mid-grey in Table 15.17   Open ▸ ) and are considered not significant primarily due to the magnitude of change factors evaluated, which is assessed as medium-low at worst, given the distance of the Proposed Development over 46 km from the viewpoint, the apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines at this distance and their position beyond the sea skyline.
  2. Excellent visibility will also be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 46 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 20.2% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 45-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 18 Cocklawburn Beach

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 18 Cocklawburn Beach are shown in Figure 15.38a-b and d.
  2. The viewpoint lies on the Holy Island Coast (LCT 5a) adjoining the Rural Northumberland and Coastal Waters (MCA 23). The broad sandy beach of Cocklawburn Burn extends across the view, framed by grass covered dunes, interrupted by the rocky features of Jock’s Linn and the Near Skerrs. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape beyond the beach, partially framed by the low-lying rocky coast between the sandy beaches. To the north, Sea House stands on the low coast bounded by Saltpan Rocks, with farmland inland and the lighthouse at Berwick-upon-Tweed harbour is a focal point, however the offshore view is a relatively simple composition of sand, sea and sky. Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind farm is visible in the view north along the coast at very long range approximately 55.2 km from the viewpoint, occupying 8° of the horizontal field of view, however Seagreen 1 offshore wind farm is not visible and there is a general lack of scale comparators at sea.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting that the view has high value and the receptors experiencing the view have a high susceptibility to change, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. The viewpoint is not an OS marked viewpoint but is located at one of several public parking areas associated with the popular beach and represents a valued location to enjoy sea views. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but is representative of the ‘extensive sweeping sandy beaches and dynamic sand dune systems’ that are a special quality of the Northumberland Coast AONB and are afforded protected by planning policy. The view includes the North Northumberland Heritage Coast, which implies a higher value to the seascape in the view due to high scenic qualities derived from the dramatic coastline, its relative naturalness and exposure that are characteristic of this stretch of coastline.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of people visiting Cocklawburn Beach or using the Northumberland Coast Path and cyclists using NCN 1, who will appreciate the coastline of the Northumberland Coast AONB. The attention of these receptors is likely to be all, or in part, focused on enjoyment of the views and seascape setting, particularly views across the sweeping sandy beach and dunes, which are the primary focus of the view. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from the beach, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea, however its relatively low elevation and expanse of wide, open seas between the viewpoint and Proposed Development partially moderates susceptibility. The ECML passes near the viewpoint, however few other built elements influence the expansive view which is dominated by the sea, and the low-lying, sparsely developed and largely natural coastline.
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 18 Cocklawburn Beach is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.38e. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 49.4 km and 89.9 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 177 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The sweep of the rotor blades are likely to be oriented to face the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the surrounding seascape, however the lack of scale comparators at sea is likely to make the scale of the wind turbines difficult to determine. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline and will be smaller in vertical scale than the coastal landform at Saltpan Rocks. As there are no other offshore wind farms present in the view, the Proposed Development will introduce a new offshore wind farm component to the view.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to approximately 36° of the HFoV, a relatively moderate portion of the wider sea view, in which a larger proportion of the open sea skyline will be retained and the coastline unaffected.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ to a large open seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape, clearly separated from the mainland coast, and headlands by areas of intervening seascape. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant that the wide, open views to the sea are retained and the perception of ‘huge skies and wide seascape views’ and a ‘predominantly horizontal landscape and seascape’ (special qualities of the AONB) will largely remain and continue to be definitive in the visual amenity experienced.
Significance of Effect in EIA terms
  1. Based on the combination of the high sensitivity of the viewpoint and low magnitude of change, the significance of effect arising from the Proposed Development is assessed as not significant (moderate/minor), direct, long-term and reversible.
  2. Excellent visibility will be required for the closest Proposed Development wind turbines to be visible at distances over 49.4 km from the viewpoint. The likelihood of the effect occurring is considered to be of low frequency. Met Office visibility data indicates only 10.7% visibility frequency of the Proposed Development at distances of 50-60 km and 0% visibility frequency at distances over 60 km (the Met Office data has no records of visibility greater than 60 km). The more distant wind turbines in the array are unlikely to be visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development has less effect overall. The closest Proposed Development wind turbines are likely to be intermittently and infrequently visible due to the prevailing weather conditions, which will often prevent visibility of such distant objects at such long-range. Even during excellent visibility periods, the wind turbines will still likely be viewed as being recessive, due to the low contrast with the sky, atmospheric conditions out to sea and the visual acuity of the eye to distinguish wind turbines at such long distances.

Viewpoint 19 Holy Island (near Lindisfarne Castle)

Baseline and sensitivity
  1. The location and baseline panorama from Viewpoint 19 Holy Island (near Lindisfarne Castle) are shown in Figure 15.39a-c and e.
  2. Lindisfarne Castle lies a short distance (approximately 1 km) from Lindisfarne Heritage Centre at the centre of the settlement of Holy Island. The viewpoint lies just east of Lindisfarne Castle, within the Holy Island Coast (LCT5a) and Rural Northumberland and Coastal Waters (MCA 23), looking north-east over the island to the open sea. Land cover on the island is grazed farmland bounded by stone walls with the similarly enclosed Gertrude Jekyll designed garden nearby. The elevation of the viewpoint and orientation of the coastline affords a long-range view out to a wide, open seascape. To the west, Lindisfarne Castle forms a distinctive focal point at close range elevated on its rocky outcrop above the sea and Holy Island. Beyond the castle, settlement on the island and the mainland beyond forms the backdrop to the view. The relatively undeveloped coastline to the north-west and south-east lies within the Northumberland AONB and North Northumberland Heritage Coast. There are no offshore wind farms visible in the existing view and there is a general lack of scale comparators at sea.
  3. The sensitivity of the viewpoint is considered to be high, reflecting the high value of the view and the high susceptibility to change of receptors experiencing the view, for the reasons set out below.
  4. Value. Holy Island is a popular tourist destination with facilities for visitors, public car parking and a Heritage Centre. Views of the island and the surrounding sea are integral to the experience of visitors to Holy Island and a large part of its appeal. The view is not afforded protection in planning policy but encompasses elements that are described within the special qualities of the Northumberland Coast AONB, which are afforded planning policy protection. These comprise the ‘coastal and riverside setting of iconic historic and cultural landmark features’; ‘extensive sweeping sandy beaches and dynamic sand dune systems’; and a ‘Feeling of exposure and tranquillity on the flat, low lying open coastal plain and windswept coast, with sparse tree cover, huge skies and wide seascape views’ (special qualities of the AONB). The view overlooks the North Northumberland Heritage Coast, which implies a higher value to the landscape due to high scenic qualities derived from the dramatic coastline, its relative naturalness and the historic buildings that are characteristic of this stretch of coastline. The slightly elevated view over the coastline is relatively rare in the low-lying area.
  5. Susceptibility. The viewpoint is representative of the view experienced by people walking on Holy Island and visitors to Lindisfarne Castle, who gain dynamic but protracted views while walking across the island or up to the Castle; and the static but short-term views from the castle itself. Appreciation of their surroundings, including the panoramic view over the seascape, is the main focus for visitors to Holy Island; while for visitors to the castle, whose primary focus will be the castle itself, the seascape is of great interest as the setting of the castle. The viewpoint affords a direct view out to sea from an elevated position near the coastal edge, in which viewers are more liable to be influenced by development in the sea. The main susceptibility is the potential introduction of man-made elements into the panoramic view of the Rural Northumberland and Coastal Waters (MCA 23), Berwick Bank (MCA 26) and the open sea. The offshore site boundary is separated by open sea from the viewpoint location. Few elements detract from the expansive view, which is dominated by the sea, and the low-lying, sparsely developed and largely natural coastline. 
Magnitude of change
  1. The predicted view of the Proposed Development from Viewpoint 19 Holy Island (near Lindisfarne Castle) is shown in the photomontage in Figure 15.39f. The magnitude of change to the view resulting from the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development is assessed as low, for the reasons set out below.
  2. The Proposed Development array area will be located at very long distance, between (approximately) 53.7 km and 93.5 km offshore from the viewpoint to its closest and most distant points. At such long distance, the Proposed Development wind turbines will be in the far distance on the distant seascape skyline, beyond the immediate seascape context.
  3. The upper towers and rotors of 172 wind turbines may be visible above the skyline, with the lower parts of the towers and semi-submersible platforms hidden by the intervening horizon. The rotor blades are likely to be slightly oblique and not fully facing the viewer when operating during the prevailing south-westerly wind direction. The more distant wind turbines in the array will be substantially less visible, ensuring that the Proposed Development appears less dense overall.
  4. The vertical height/apparent scale of the Proposed Development wind turbines will be relatively small, due to their long distance offshore and the large scale of the seascape in the view, however the lack of scale comparators at sea is likely to make the scale of the wind turbines difficult to determine. The vertical appearance of the wind turbines may contrast with the horizontal emphasis of the sea skyline. The Proposed Development will introduce offshore wind turbine elements to the view as neither offshore nor onshore wind turbines are evident in the baseline view.
  5. The lateral spread of the Proposed Development wind turbines may occupy up to approximately 18° of the HFoV, which is a relatively narrow portion of the wide sea view panorama, in which most of the open sea skyline will be retained and the wider coastline in other directions remains unaffected, including the views of Lindisfarne Castle itself and its immediate setting.
  6. The Proposed Development wind turbines will be seen on and beyond the horizon, viewed as a ‘horizon development’ beyond Holy Island and the seascape, rather than being viewed ‘within’ its seascape due to the intervening open sea. The Proposed Development wind turbines are sufficiently distant and low on the horizon that the ‘huge skies and wide seascape views’ of the ‘low lying open coastal plain and windswept coast’ (special qualities of the AONB) are retained.  The ‘predominantly horizontal landscape and seascape’ providing the remote coastal setting for Holy Island will largely remain unchanged and will continue to be definitive in the visual amenity experienced.