back

Appendix 18                       References

ABPmer (2008). Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources. Available at: http://www.renewables-atlas.info/. Accessed September 2021.

ABPmer and HR Wallingford (2009). Coastal Process Modelling for Offshore Wind farm Environmental Impact Assessment: Best Practice Guide. Produced for COWRIE.

Alerstam, T., Rosén, M., Bäckman, J., Ericson, P.G. and Jellgren, O. (2007). Flight Speeds Among Bird Species: Allometric and Phylogenetic Effects. PLoS Biology, 5(8), e197.

Andersson, M., Sigray, P. and Persson, L. (2011). Operational Wind Farm Noise and Shipping Noise Compared with Estimated Zones of Audibility for Four Species of Fish. Journal of The Acoustical Society of America. Vol.129. 10.

Arso Civil, M., N. Quick, B. Cheney, E. Pirotta, P. Thompson, and P. Hammond. 2019. Changing distribution of the east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population and the challenges of areabased management. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 29(S1):178-196.

Band, B. (2012). Using a Collision Risk Model to Assess Bird Collision Risks for Offshore Windfarms. SOSS report, The Crown Estate.

Baxter, J.M., Boyd, I.L., Cox, M., Donald, A.E., Malcolm, S.J., Miles, H., Miller, B., and Moffat, C.F., (Editors) (2011). Scotland's Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan. Marine Scotland, Edinburgh. pp. 191.

BEIS (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) (2020). Contracts for Difference Policy Paper. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference/contract-for-difference#the-fourth-cfd-allocation-round-ar4. Accessed August 2021.

Benaglia, T., Chauveau, D., Hunter, D.R., Young, D. (2009). mixtools : An R Package for Analyzing Finite Mixture Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 32: 1-29.

Berx, B, Hughes, S. Climatology of Surface and Near-bed Temperature and Salinity on the North-West European Continental Shelf for 1971–2000. Elsevier 2009.

Blyth-Skyrme, R.E. (2010). Options and opportunities for marine fisheries mitigation associated with wind farms. Final report for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment contract FISHMITIG09. COWRIE Ltd, London.

Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. S. C. P. (2018). Bird collision avoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. BTO Report to JNCC.

Brasseur, S., G. Aarts, E. Meesters, T. van Polanen Petel, E. Dijkman, J. Cremer, and P. Reijnders. 2012. Habitat preference of harbour seals in the Dutch coastal area: analysis and estimate of efects of offshore wind farms.

British Standards Institute (BSI) (2015). Environmental Impact Assessment for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects – Guide. Available at: http://shop.bsigroup.com/upload/271276/PD%206900.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

BSI (2003), British Standards Institution BS 7445-1:2003 Description and Measurement of Environmental Noise. BSI, London

CAP 670 - Air Traffic Services Safety Requirements (Issue 3, 7 June 2019). Available at: http://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP670%20Issue3%20Am%201%202019(p).pdf. Accessed August 2021.

CAP 032 - UK Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (2020). Available at: https://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/ Accessed August 2021.

CAP 393 – Air Navigation: The Order and the Regulations (2016). Available at: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?catid=1&pagetype=65&appid=11&mode=detail&id=7523 .. Accessed August 2021.

CAP 764 - CAA Policy and Guidelines on Wind Turbines (Version 6, February 2016). Available at: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP764%20Issue6%20FINAL%20Feb.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

CAP 774 - The UK Flight Information Services (Version 3, 25 May 2017). Available at: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?catid=1&pagetype=65&appid=11&mode=detail&id=7890#:~:text=Description%3AThe%20UK%20Flight%20Information,provided%20to%20aircraft%20operating%20in. Accessed August 2021.

Carter, M., L. Boehme, C. Duck, W. Grecian, G. Hastie, B. McConnell, D. Miller, C. Morris, S. Moss, D. Thompson, P. Thompson, and D. Russell. 2020. Habitat-based predictions of at-sea distribution for grey and harbour seals in the British Isles. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Report to BEIS, OESEA-16-76/OESEA-17-78.

Casini, M., Cardinale, M., and Arrhenius, F. (2004). Feeding Preferences of Herring (Clupea harengus) and Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Southern Baltic Sea. e ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 1267e1277.

CEFAS. 2010. Strategic review of offshore wind farm monitoring data associated with FEPA licence conditions – annex 4: underwater noise., Cefas report ME1117.

Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) (2016). Suspended Sediment Climatologies around the UK, December 2016.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014). Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment. Available at: https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS&GDBA_2.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2017) Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment. Available at: http://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS%26GDBA_3.pdf

Cheney, B., I. M. Graham, T. Barton, P. S. Hammond, and P. M. Thompson. 2018. Site Condition Monitoring of bottlenose dolphins within the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation: 2014-2016. Scottish National Heritage Research Report No 1021.

Cheney, B., P. M. Thompson, , S. N. Ingram, P. S. Hammond, P. T. Stevick, J. W. Durban, R. M. Culloch, S. H. Elwen, L. Mandleberg, V. M. Janik, N. J. Quick, V. Islas-Villanueva, K. P. Robinson, M. Costa, S. M. Eisfeld, A. Walters, C. Phillips, C. R. Weir, P. G. Evans, P. Anderwald, R. J. Reid, J. B. Reid, and B. Wilson, 2013. Integrating multiple data sources to assess the distribution and abundance of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in Scottish waters. Mammal Review 43:71-88.

Cheong, S., L. Wang, P. Lepper, and S. Robinson. 2020. Characterisation of Acoustic Fields Generated by UXO Removal Phase 2 (Offshore Energy SEA Sub-Contract OESEA-19-107). NPL Management Limited, 2020.

CIEEM. 2019. Guidelines for ecological impact assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Coastal and Marine. September 2018 Version 1.1 - updated September 2019. Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, Winchester.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Visual Flight Rules Chart (CAA, 2020). Available at: https://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Airspace/Rules-of-the-air/Standardised-European-Rules-of-the-Air/. Accessed August 2021.

Cook, A.S.C.P. (2021) Additional analysis to inform SNCB recommendations regarding collision risk modelling. Report to Natural England.  BTO Research Report 739.

Cook, A S C P, Humphreys, E. M., Masden, E. A., & Burton, N. H. K. (2014). The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines. Edinburgh.

Cook, A.S.C.P., Ward, R.B., Hansen, W.S. & Larsen, L. (2018). Estimating Seabird Flight height using LiDAR. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 9 No 14.

Cooper, K.M. and Barry, J. (2017). A Big Data Approach to Macrofaunal Baseline Assessment, Monitoring and Sustainable Exploitation of the Seabed. Sci Rep 7, 12431.

Copping, A. 2018. The State of Knowledge for Environmental Effects Driving Consenting/Permitting for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry. Prepared for Ocean Energy Systems On behalf of the Annex IV Member Nations, January 2018.

Coull, K.A., Johnstone, R, and Rogers, S.I. (1998). Fisheries Sensitivity Maps in British Waters. UKOOA Ltd: Aberdeen.

COWRIE (2007) Historic Environment Guidance for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector. Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5876/km-ex-pc-historic-012007-historic-environmentguidance-for-the-offshore-renewable-energy-sector.pdf

Czech-Damal, N. U., G. Dehnhardt, P. Manger, and W. Hanke. 2013. Passive electroreception in aquatic mammals. Journal of Comparative Physiology A-Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology 199:555-563.

Daunt, F., Bogdanova, M., Newell, M., Harris, M. And Wanless, S. (2011a). Literature Review of Foraging Distribution, Foraging Range and Feeding Behaviour of Common Guillemot, Razorbill, Atlantic Puffin, Black Legged Kittiwake and Northern Fulmar in the Forth/Tay Region. Report to Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers’ Group. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

Daunt, F., Bogdanova, M., Newell, M., Harris, M. And Wanless, S. (2011b). GPS Tracking of Common Guillemot, Razorbill and Black Legged Kittiwake on the Isle of May, Summer 2010. Report to Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers’ Group. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh.

Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Tumbull, C. and Vincent, M. (2001). Marine Monitoring Handbook. Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

Deakin, Z., Hamer, K., Sherley, R., Bearhop, S., Bodey, T., Clark, B., Grecian, J., Gummery, M., Lane, J.., Morgan, G., Morgan, L., Phillips, R. Wakefield, and Votier, S. (2019). Sex Differences in Migration and Demography of a Wide-Ranging Seabird, the Northern Gannet. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 622:191-201.

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). 2020. Sei-Him Cheong, Lian Wang, Paul Lepper , Stephen Robinson (Loughborough University) and B., Zeqiri (National Physical Laboratory) NPL Report AC 19. June 2020. Final Report. Characterisation of Acoustic Fields Generated by UXO Removal Phase 2 (Offshore Energy SEA Sub-Contract OESEA-19-107). National Physical Laboratory Limited.

Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) (2011). Overarching National Policy Statements for Energy (NPS EN-1). Available online at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47854/1938-overarching-nps-for-energy-en1.pdf Accessed August 2021.

Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) (2016). UK Offshore Strategic Environmental Assessment: OESEA3 Environmental Report. March 2016.

Diederichs, A., G. Nehls, M. Dähne, S. Adler, S. Koschinski, and U. Verfuß. 2008. Methodologies for measuring and assessing potential changes in marine mammal behaviour, abundance or distribution arising from the construction, operation and decommissioning of offshore windfarms.

Ellis, J.R., Milligan, S.P., Readdy, L., Taylor, N. and Brown, M.J. (2012). Spawning and Nursery Grounds of Selected Fish Species in UK Waters. Sci. Ser. Tech. Rep., Cefas Lowestoft, 147: 56 pp.

EMEC and Xodus, (2010). Consenting, EIA and HRA Guidance for Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Scotland. Scottish Government. April 2010.

Etter, P.C., 2018. Underwater acoustic modelling and simulation. CRC press.

European Commission (2011). The roadmap for transforming the EU into a competitive, low-carbon economy by 2050. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/2050_roadmap_en.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

European Commission (2020a). 2030 climate and energy framework. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en. Accessed August 2021.

European Commission (2020b). 2050 long-term strategy. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en. Accessed August 2021.

European Commission. 2010. Guidance Document: Wind Energy Developments and Natura 2000.

European Subsea Cables Association (ESCA) (2016). ESCA Guideline No. 6 – The Proximity of Offshore Renewable Energy Installations and Submarine Cable Infrastructure in UK Waters.

Fauchald, P., Skov, H., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Johns, D. and Tveraa, T. (2011). Wasp-Waist Interactions in the North Sea Ecosystem. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22729.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022729

FLOWW (2014). Best Practice Guidance for Offshore Renewables Developments. Recommendations for Fisheries Liaison. FLOWW (Fishing Liaison with Offshore Wind and Wet Renewables Group).

FLOWW (2015). Best Practice Guidance for Offshore Renewables Developments: Recommendations for Fisheries Disruption Settlements and Community Funds. FLOWW (Fishing Liaison with Offshore Wind and Wet Renewables Group).

Forth and Tay Offshore Windfarm Developer Group (2011). Regional Seascape Character Assessment Aberdeen to Holy Island. Available at: https://nngoffshorewind.com/files/offshore-environmental-statement/Appendix-21.3---Regional-Seascape-Character-Assessment.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Fugro (2012). Seagreen Wind Energy Limited: Firth of Forth Zone Development – Metocean Study.

Fugro (2020a). Seagreen 2 and 3 Windfarm Zones Geophysical Survey – Final Survey Results Report – Export Cable Route. Unpublished report for SSE Seagreen Wind Energy Limited, Fugro Document No: P906089-RESULTS-008 (01).

Fugro (2020b). Seagreen 2 and 3 and ECR Windfarm Zone Geophysical Survey – Final Survey Results Report – Seagreen 2 and Seagreen 3. Unpublished report for SSE Seagreen Wind Energy Limited, Fugro Document No: P906089-RESULTS-012 (01).

Furness, R.W. (2015). Non-breeding season populations of seabirds in UK waters: Population sizes for Biologically Defined Minimum Population Scales (BDMPS). Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 164.

Furness, R.W., Garthe, S., Trinder, M., Matthiopoulos, J., Wanless, S. and Jeglinski, J., (2018). Nocturnal flight activity of northern gannets Morus bassanus and implications for modelling collision risk at offshore wind farms. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 73, pp.1-6.

Furness R.W., and Wade H.M. (2012). Vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to offshore wind turbines - Report to Marine Scotland. (Glasgow: MacArthur Green Ltd).

Furness R. W., Wade, H. M. and Masden E.A. (2013). Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. (Journal of Environmental Management 119 pp.56-66).

Furness, R.W. (2015). Non-breeding season populations of seabirds in UK waters: Population sizes for Biologically Defined Minimum Population Scales (BDMPS). Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 164.

Gardiner, R., Main, R., Davies, I., Kynoch, R., Gilbey, J., Adams, C., and Newton M. (2018). Recent Investigations into the Marine Migration of Salmon Smolts in the Context of Marine Renewable Development. Conference Presentation. Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewables (EIMR) Conference, Kirkwall, 24-26 April 2018.

Garthe, S. and Hüppop, O. (2004). Scaling Possible Adverse Effects of Marine Wind Farms on Seabirds: Developing and Applying a Vulnerability Index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, pp724-734.

Godfrey, J.D., Stewart, D.C., Middlemas, S.J., and Armstrong, J.D. (2015). Depth Use and Migratory Behaviour of Homing Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish Coastal Waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Volume 72. p.568–575. Available at:-http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/16/icesjms.fsu118.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey=y9lmPDRLdC04n7B. Accessed August 2021.

Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L. and Stoker, M. S. (2009). Seafloor glacial features reveal the extent and decay of the last British Ice Sheet, east of Scotland. J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 117–138. ISSN 02678179.

Grellier, K., and C. Lacey. 2012. Analysis of The Crown Estate aerial survey data for marine mammals for the FTOWDG region. SMRULSGW-2012-015. Unpublished report to The FTOWDG.

Griffin, L., Rees, E. and Hughes, B. (2011). Migration Routes of Whooper Swans and Geese in Relation to Wind Farm Footprints: Final report. WWT, Slimbridge. 87 pp.

Gubbay, S. 2007. Defining and managing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs: Report of an inter-agency workshop 1-2 May, 2007, JNCC Report No. 405, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

Hague, E. L., Sinclair, R.R. and Sparling, E. 2020. Regional baselines for marine mammal knowledge across the North Sea and Atlantic areas of Scottish waters. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 11 No 12. Published by Marine Scotland Science. Available from: MSS Reports Template (marine.gov.scot) Accessed August 2021.

Hammond, P. S., P. Berggren, H. Benke, D. L. Borchers, A. Collet, M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, S. Heimlich, A. R. Hiby, M. F. Leopold, and N. Øien. 2002. Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:361-376.

Hammond, P., C. Lacey, A. Gilles, S. Viquerat, P. Börjesson, H. Herr, K. Macleod, V. Ridoux, M. Santos, M. Scheidat, J. Teilmann, J. Vingada, and N. Øie. 2021. Estimates of cetacean abundance in European Atlantic waters in summer 2016 from the SCANS-III aerial and shipboard surveys - revised June 2021.

Hammond, P., C. Lacey, A. Gilles, S. Viquerat, P. Börjesson, H. Herr, K. Macleod, V. Ridoux, M. Santos, M. Scheidat, J. Teilmann, J. Vingada, and N. Øien. 2017. Estimates of cetacean abundance in European Atlantic waters in summer 2016 from the SCANS-III aerial and shipboard surveys.

Hammond, P., K. Mc Leod, and M. Scheidat. 2006. Small Cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea (SCANS-II). Final Report. Saint Andrews.

Hastie, G. D., D. J. Russell, S. Benjamins, S. Moss, B. Wilson, and D. Thompson. 2016. Dynamic habitat corridors for marine predators; intensive use of a coastal channel by harbour seals is modulated by tidal currents. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology:1-14.

Heinänen, S., and H. Skov. 2015. The identification of discrete and persistent areas of relatively high harbour porpoise density in the wider UK marine area. JNCC Report No. 544, JNCC, Peterborough.

Heath, M.F., Evans, M.I., Hoccom, D.G., Payne, A.J., and Peet, N.B. (2000). Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority Sites for Conservation. BirdLife International.

Historic Environment Scotland (2020) Managing Change in the Historic Environment: Setting. Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/planning-and-guidance/legislationand-guidance/managing-change-in-the-historic-environment-guidance-notes/ Accessed August 2021.

Historic Environment Scotland (HES) and NatureScot (2018) EIA Handbook. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-05/Publication%202018%20-%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Handbook%20V5.pdf Accessed August 2021.

Historic Environment Scotland (HES) (2019). Designation Policy and Selection Guidance. Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=8d8bbaeb-ce5a-46c1-a558-aa2500ff7d3b. Accessed August 2021.

Historic Environment Scotland (2019) Historic Environment Policy for Scotland.

HM Government (2009a). The UK Renewable Energy Strategy. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228866/7686.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2009b). The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228752/9780108508394.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2009c). The Carbon Budgets Order 2009. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1259/made/data.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2009d). Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/12/contents. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2011a). The Carbon Plan: Delivering our Low Carbon Future. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47613/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2011b). UK Marine Policy Statement. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69322/pb3654-marine-policy-statement-110316.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2019). Industry Strategy. Offshore Wind Sector Deal. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/790950/BEIS_Offshore_Wind_Single_Pages_web_optimised.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

HM Government (2020b). Offshore wind Sector Deal – one year on. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal-one-year-on. Accessed August 2021.

Holman et al., (2014). IAQM Guidance on the Assessment of Dust from Demolition and Construction. Institute of Air Quality Management, London. www.iaqm.co.uk/text/guidance/construction-dust-2014.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Horswill, C. & Robinson, R.A. 2015. Review of seabird demographic rates and density dependence, JNCC Report No: 552, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8901.

HR Wallingford (2009). Firth of Forth and Tay Developers Group, Collaborative Oceanographic Survey, Specification and Design. Work Package 1. Review of existing information.

HR Wallingford (2012). Appendix E3 – Geomorphological Assessment. Seagreen Wind Energy. Available at: http://marine.gov.scot/datafiles/lot/SG_FoF_alpha-bravo/SG_Phase1_Offshore_Project_Consent_Application_Document%20(September%202012)/006%20ES/Volume%20III_Technical%20Appendices/Part%201_Technical%20Appendices/Appendix%20E3.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

IALA (2013). Recommendation O-139 the Marking of Man-Made Offshore Structures. Edition 2. Saint Germaine en Laye, France: IALA.

IAMMWG, (2015). Management Units for cetaceans in UK waters (January 2015). JNCC Report No. 547, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

IAMMWG. 2021. Updated abundance estimates for cetacean Management Units in UK waters. JNCC Report No. 680, JNCC Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

ICES (2016). Report of the Working Group of International Pelagic Surveys (WGIPS), 18-22 January 2016, Dublin, Ireland. ICES CM 2016/SSGIEOM:05. 433pp.

IEEM. 2010. Guidelines For Ecological Impact Assessment In Britain And Ireland Marine And Coastal Guidelines For Ecological Impact Assessment In The United Kingdom. Winchester: Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management.

IMO (1972/77). Convention on the International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREGs) – Annex 3. London: IMO.

IMO (1974) as amended. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). London: IMO.

IMO (2018). Revised Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment. London: IMO.

Institute for Government (2020). UK net zero target. Available at: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=The%20UK%20is%20on%20track%20to%20meet%20its,sixth%20carbon%20budget%20%282033%E2%80%9337%29%20in%20September%202020.%20%5B15%5D. Accessed August 2021..

Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) (2015). IEMA Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to Shaping Quality Development. Available at: https://www.iema.net/assets/uploads/iema_guidance_documents_eia_guide_to_shaping_quality_development_v7.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) (2017). Delivering Proportionate EIA: A Collaborative Strategy for Enhancing UK Environmental Impact Assessment Practice. Available at: https://www.iema.net/policy/ia/proportionate-eia-guidance-2017.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

International Cable Protection Committee (2009). Fishing and Submarine Cables - Working Together.

Irving, R. (2009). Identification of the Main Characteristics of Stony Reef Habitats under the Habitats Directive. Summary of an Inter Agency Workshop 26-27 March 2008. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, JNCC Report No. 432, 28pp.

JNCC (2014a). Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA – Relevant Documentation – Site Summary Document. Available at: http://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/4d478592-6a82-4a75-97ad-de7057da9e8a/FFBC-1-SiteSummaryDocument-July14.pdf . Accessed August 2021.

JNCC (2014b). Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA – Scottish MPA Project Assessment against the MPA Selection Guidelines. Available at: http://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/4d478592-6a82-4a75-97ad-de7057da9e8a/FFBC-1-SiteSummaryDocument-July14.pdf . Accessed August 2021.

JNCC (2020a). Site Summary: Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/firth-of-forth-banks-complex-mpa/. Accessed August 2021.

JNCC. 2019a. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1349 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) UNITED KINGDOM.

JNCC. 2019b. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1351 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) United Kingdom.

JNCC. 2019c. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1364 Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) United Kingdom.

JNCC. 2019d. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1365 Common seal (Phoca vitulina) United Kingdom.

JNCC. 2019e. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S2032 Whitebeaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) United Kingdom.

JNCC. 2019f. European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S2618 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2014). Turbot Bank MPA: Site Summary Document. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/351e88d3-c5c8-4376-8a04-b7148b4865b4/TurbotBank-1-SiteSummaryDocument-July14.pdf. Accessed September 2021.

JNCC (2020a). Statements on Conservation Benefits, Condition & Conservation Measures for Firth of Forth Banks Complex Nature Conservation MPA. December 2020.Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/92fb7e5e-5e68-4e66-bde3-afd9c27d6b14/FFBC-4-ConservationStatements-v1.0.pdf. Accessed September 2021.

JNCC (2020b). Statements on conservation benefits, condition & conservation measures for Turbot Bank Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area. December 2020. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/63f05a50-a78b-4a58-9bde-d78261780729/TurbotBank-4-ConservationStatements-V1.0.pdf. Accessed September 2021.

JNCC (2020). Seabird Population Trends and Causes of Change: 1986–2018 Report. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Updated 10 March 2020.

JNCC, Natural Resources Wales, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs/Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage, (2017). Joint SNCB Interim Displacement Advice Note. [Online]. Available at: Joint SNCB Interim Displacement Advice Note | JNCC Resource Hub. Accessed August 2021.

Johnston, A., Cook, A. S. C. P., Wright, L. J., Humphreys, E. M. and Burton, N. H. K. (2014). Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. (J Appl Ecol, 51: 31–41. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12191).

Judd, A. (2012). Guidelines for Data Acquisition to Support Marine Environmental Assessments of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects. Cefas contract report: ME5403 – Module 15 submitted to Defra and the MMO.

King, S., and C. Sparling. 2012. FTOWDG Cetacean Density Modelling –Non Technical summary. Report number SMRUL-SGW-029.

King, S., Maclean, I., Norman, T. and Prior, A. (2009). Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developments. COWRIE Ltd.

Kober. K., Webb. A., Win. I., Lewis. M., O’Brien. S., Wilson. L.J. and Reid. J.B. (2010). An Analysis of the Numbers and Distribution of Seabirds within the British Fishery Limit Aimed at Identifying Areas that Qualify as Possible Marine SPAs. JNCC Report, No. 431.

Landscape Institute (2019). Visual Representation of Development Proposals TGN 06/19. Available at: https://landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstitute-org/2019/09/LI_TGN-06-19_Visual_Representation.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Landscape Institute with the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2013). Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Third Edition.

Landscape Institute (2021). Assessing landscape value outside national designations. Technical Guidance Note 02/21. Available at: https://landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstitute-org/2021/05/tgn-02-21-assessing-landscape-value-outside-national-designations.pdf . Accessed August 2021.

Limpenny, D.S., Foster-Smith, R.L., Edwards, T.M., Hendrick, V.J., Diesing, M., Eggleton, J.D., Meadows, W.J., Crutchfield, Z., Pfeifer, S. and Reach, I.S. (2010). Best Methods for Identifying and Evaluating Sabellaria spinulosa and Cobble Reef. Natural England Supported Through Defra's Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund, ALSF Ref No. MAL0008, 149pp.

Lindeboom, H. J., H. J. Kouwenhoven, M. J. N. Bergman, S. Bouma, S. Brasseur, R. Daan, R. C. Fijn, D. de Haan, S. Dirksen, R. van Hal, R. Hille Ris Lambers, R. ter Hofstede, K. L. Krijgsveld, M. Leopold, and M. Scheidat. 2011. Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation. Environmental Research Letters 6:1-13.

Lonergan, M., C. Duck, S. Moss, C. Morris, and D. Thompson. 2013. Rescaling of aerial survey data with information from small numbers of telemetry tags to estimate the size of a declining harbour seal population. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 23:135-144.

Lothian A.J, Newton M, Barry, J, Walters M, Miller R.C and Adams C.E. (2017). Migration Pathways, Speed and Mortality of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts in a Scottish River and the Near-shore Coastal Marine Environment. Ecology of Freshwater Fish.

MAA: Manual of Military Air Traffic Management (30 September 2019). Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/835083/MMATM_Issue_12.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

MacGregor, R.M., King, S., Donovan, C.R., Caneco, B. and Webb, A. (2018). A Stochastic Collision Risk Model for Seabirds in Flight. [Online]. Available at: https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00536606.pdf (Accessed August 2021).

Mackenzie, M., D. Kidney, and C. Donovan. 2012. Forth And Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group: Cetacean Survey Data Analysis Report. DMP Stats. Prepared For SMRU Limited.

Maclean I.M.D., Wright L.J., Showler D.A. and Rehfisch M.M. (2009). A Review of Assessment Methodologies for Offshore Wind farms (COWRIE METH-08-08). Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Maclean-et-al-2009.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Macleod, K., M. Burt, A. Cañadas, E. Rogan, B. Santos, A. Uriarte, O. Van Canneyt, J. Vázquez, and P. Hammond. 2009. Design-based estimates of cetacean abundance in offshore European Atlantic waters. Appendix I in the Final Report of the Cetacean Offshore Distribution and Abundance in the European Atlantic.

Madsen, P. T., M. Wahlberg, J. Tougaard, K. Lucke, and P. Tyack. 2006. Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 309:279-295.

Malcolm, I.A, Millar C.P and Millidine K.J (2015). Spatio-Temporal Variability in Scottish Smolt Emigration Times and Sizes. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science. Volume 6 Number 2. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00472202.pdf. Accessed July 2020. Accessed August 2021.

Malcolm, I.A., Godfrey, J and Youngson, A.F. (2010). Review of Migratory Routes and Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon, Sea Trout and European Eel in Scotland’s Coastal Environment: Implications for the Development of Marine Renewables. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science. Vol 1 No 14.

Marine Guidance Note (MGN) 543: Offshore Renewable Energy Installations - Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response Issues (19 August 2016). Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/502021/MGN_543.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Institute (2000). Assessment of Impact of Offshore Wind Energy Structures on the Marine Environment. Marine Institute. Available at: Assessment of Impact of Offshore Energy Structures on the Marine Environment. Accessed on: 20 July 2021.

Marine Scotland (2011). Blue seas – Green Energy. A Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Part A – The Plan. Available at: https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/346375/0115264.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Scotland (2013). Planning Scotland’s Seas: SEA of Plans for Wind, Wave and Tidal Power in Scottish Marine Waters Environmental Report. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/impact-assessment/2013/07/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-strategic/documents/00428212-pdf/00428212-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00428212.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2013). PAN 1/2013, Environmental Impact Assessment. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00432581.pdf. Accessed on: 15 September 2021.

Marine Scotland (2015). Scotland’s National Marine Plan. A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2015/03/scotlands-national-marine-plan/documents/00475466-pdf/00475466-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00475466.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Scotland (2015). Scottish Marine Recreation and Tourism Survey. Available at:. Scottish Marine Recreation and Tourism Survey 2015 | Marine Scotland Data Publications. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Scotland (2018c). Salmon Smolt Surveying on the Sunbeam. Available at: https://blogs.gov.scot/marine-scotland/2018/05/11/salmon-smolt-surveys-on-the-sunbeam/. Survey report at: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/cruise_inventory/programmes/1419h.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Scotland (2020). Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Wind Wave and Tidal – 2013. Available at: http://marine.gov.scot/information/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-wind-wave-and-tidal-2013. Accessed August 2021.

Marine Scotland (2014). Strategic Assessment of Collision Risk of Scottish Offshore Wind Farms to Migrating Birds. Report for Marine Scotland. WWT and Macarthur Green July 2014.

MARPOL (2017). Annex VI and NTC 2008 with guidelines for implementation 2017 edition, International Maritime Organization.

Marubini, F., A. Gimona, P. G. Evans, P. J. Wright, and G. J. Pierce. 2009. Habitat preferences and interannual variability in occurrence of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena off northwest Scotland. Marine Ecology Progress Series 381:297-310.

Masden, E. (2015). Developing an Avian Collision Risk Model to Incorporate Variability and Uncertainty. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 6 No 14. Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 43pp. DOI: 10.7489/1659-1.

Mavor, R.A., Heubeck, M., Schmitt, S. and Parsons, M. (2008). Seabird Numbers and Breeding Success in Britain and Ireland, 2006. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (UK Nature Conservation, No. 31).

Murray, S., Harris, M. and Wanless, S. (2015) The Status of the Gannet in Scotland in 2013-2014. Scottish Birds: 35:1 p.3-18.

MCA (2021). MGN 654 Safety of Navigation OREIs – Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response. Southampton: MCA.

Military Aviation Authority (MAA): MAA Regulatory Publication 3000 Series: Air Traffic Management Regulations (21 September 2018). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/3000-series-air-traffic-management-regulations-atm. Accessed August 2021.

MMO. 2014. Review of Post-Consent Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with Marine Licence Conditions. A report produced for the Marine Management Organisation, pp 194. MMO Project No: 1031. ISBN: 978-1-909452-24-4.

MMO (2018). Seascape Character Assessment for the North-East Inshore and Offshore Marine Plan Areas. Available at: https://www.msp-platform.eu/sites/default/files/north_east_-_seascape_character_assessment_report.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) (2019). Air Pollutant Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 1990-2017. Available at: https://naei.beis.gov.uk/reports/reports?report_id=996. Accessed August 2021.

National Emission Ceiling Directive (NECD) (2020). Informative Inventory Report (IIR) March 2020. Available at: http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/gb/eu/nec_revised/iir/envxmo4ag/. Accessed August 2021.

National Physical Laboratory, 2014. Good Practice Guide No. 133 – Underwater Noise Measurement. Available online at: https://www.npl.co.uk/special-pages/guides/gpg133underwater. Accessed August 2021.

National Records of Scotland (2020). Mid-2020 Population Estimates Scotland. Available online at: Mid-2020 Population Estimates Scotland | National Records of Scotland (nrscotland.gov.uk). Accessed August 2021.

Natural England (2012). An Approach to Seascape Character Assessment. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Natural England (2014). An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2012). Assessing the Cumulative Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-assessing-cumulative-landscape-and-visual-impact-onshore-wind-energy-developments. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2012). Offshore Renewables – Guidance on Assessing the Impact on Coastal Landscape and Seascape. Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-offshore-renewables-assessing-impact-coastal-landscape-and-seascape-guidance-scoping. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2017). Visual Representation of Windfarms: Version 2.2. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/visual-representation-wind-farms-guidance. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2017). Siting and Designing Windfarms in the Landscape. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/siting-and-designing-wind-farms-landscape-version-3a. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2019). Scottish Landscape Character Map and Descriptions. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/landscape-character-assessment/scottish-landscape-character-types-map-and-descriptions. Accessed August 2021.

NatureScot (2020). Conservation and Management Advice. Southern Trench MPA. December 2020.

NatureScot (2020).  Seasonal Periods for Birds in the Scottish Marine Environment. Short Guidance Note Version 2.  October 2020.

NatureScot (2021). Conservation and Management Advice Moray Firth Sac March 2021.

NBN Atlas (2019). Available at: http://www.nbnatlas.org. Accessed August 2021.

Newton, M., Main, R. and Adams, C. (2017). Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Smolt Movements in the Cromarty and Moray Firths, Scotland. LF000005-REP-1854, March 2017..

NMFS (2018) “Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing: Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts.” National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA).

NMPi (2021). Webmap Service. National Marine Plan Interactive. Available at: Marine Scotland - National Marine Plan Interactive (atkinsgeospatial.com). Accessed August 2021.

Normandeau, Exponent, T. Tricas, and A. Gill. 2011. Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement, Pacific OCS Region, Camarillo, CA. OCS Study BOEMRE 2011-09.

Northumberland County Council (2010). Northumberland County Council Landscape Character Assessment. Available at: https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Planning-and-Building/Planning%20Inquiries/G-6-Northumberland-Landscape-Character-Assessment-Part-A-Landscape-Classification.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Northumberland Coast AONB (2020-2024). Northumberland Coast AONB Management Plan. Available at: https://www.northumberlandcoastaonb.org/management-plan/. Accessed August 2021.

Office for National Statistics (2018). Regional Economic Activity by Gross Value Added (Balanced), UK: 1998 to 2017. Available at: Regional economic activity by gross value added (balanced), UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk). Accessed August 2021.

Office for National Statistics (2021). Regional gross value added (balanced) by industry: all ITL regions. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalandrealregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedbyindustry. Accessed August 2021.

Office for National Statistics (2019). Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Indirect Estimates – Datasets. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datasets/lowcarbonandrenewableenergyeconomyindirectestimatesdataset. Accessed August 2021.

Oil and Gas Authority (OGA) (2018). The Crown Estate and Crown Estate Scotland Agreements and Oil and Gas Licences. Available at: tce_leases_and_og_licences.pdf (ogauthority.co.uk). Accessed August 2021.

Oil and Gas UK (2015). Pipeline Crossing Agreement and Proximity Agreement Pack October 2015 (OP115). Available at: http://oilandgasuk.co.uk/product/pipeline-crossing-agreement-proximity-agreement-pack-october-2015/. Accessed August 2021.

OSPAR (2008).OSPAR Guidance on Environmental Considerations for Offshore Wind Farm Development. (Reference number: 2008-3). Available at: http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/224682.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

OWIG (2010). Scotland’s Offshore Wind Route Map. Developing Scotland’s Offshore Wind Industry to 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2010/09/scotlands-offshore-wind-route-map-developing-scotlands-offshore-wind-industry/documents/0105071-pdf/0105071-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/0105071.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

OWIG (2013). Scotland’s Offshore Wind Route Map. Developing Scotland’s Offshore Wind Industry to 2020 and Beyond. Available at: https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/0041/00413483.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Parsons M., Mitchell, I., Butler, A., Ratcliffe, N., Frederiksen, M., Foster, S., Reid, J.B. (2008). Seabirds as Indicators of the Marine Environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65: 1520-1526.

Paxton, C. G. M., L. Scott-Hayward, M. Mackenzie, E. Rexstad, and L. Thomas. 2016. Revised Phase III Data Analysis of Joint Cetacean Protocol Data Resources. JNCC Report No. 517, JNCC, Peterborough.

Pearce, B., Grubb, L., Earnshaw, S., Pitts, J., and Goodchild, R. (2014). Biotope Assignment of Grab Samples from Four Surveys Undertaken in 2011 Across Scotland’s Seas (2012). JNCC Report No 509.

Pennycuick, C.J. (1997). Actual and ‘Optimum’ Flight Speed: Field Data Reassessed. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, 2355-2361.

Pierpoint, C. 2008. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 88:1167-1173.

Planning Inspectorate (July, 2018) Advice Note 9: Rochdale Envelope. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Advice-note-9.-Rochdale-envelope-web.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Popper, Arthur N., Anthony D. Hawkins, Richard R. Fay, David A. Mann, Soraya Bartol, Thomas J. Carlson, Sheryl Coombs (2014) ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report Prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and Registered with ANSI. Springer.

Quick, N. J., M. Arso Civil, B. Cheney, V. Islas, V. Janik, P. M. Thompson, and P. S. Hammond. 2014. The east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population: Improving understanding of ecology outside the Moray Firth SAC. This document was produced as part of the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change's offshore energy Strategic Environmental Assessment programme.

Quick, N., and B. Cheney. 2011. Cetacean Baseline Characterisation for the Firth of Tay based on existing data: Bottlenose dolphins. SMRU Limited.

R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

Ramsay and Brampton (2000). Coastal Cells in Scotland: Cell 1 - St Abb's Head to Fife Ness. Available at: http://www.dynamiccoast.com/links.html. Accessed June 2020.

Robinson, S. P., L. Wang, S.-H. Cheong, P. A. Lepper, F. Marubini, and J. P. Hartley. 2020. Underwater acoustic characterisation of unexploded ordnance disposal using deflagration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 160:111646.

Robinson, R.A. (2005). BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain and Ireland. BTO, Thetford. Available at: http://www.bto.org/birdfacts. Accessed August 2021.

Rogan, E., P. Breen, M. Mackey, A. Cañadas, M. Scheidat, S. Geelhoed, and M. Jessopp. 2018. Aerial surveys of cetaceans and seabirds in Irish waters: Occurrence, distribution and abundance in 2015-2017. Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment and National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland. 297pp.

Royal Yachting Association (RYA) (2019). The RYA's Position on Offshore Renewable Energy Developments: Paper 1 (of 4) – Wind Energy. June 2019. Available at: THE RYA’S POSITION ON WIND ENERGY (planninginspectorate.gov.uk). Accessed August 2021.

RPS. (2021). Berwick Bank Export Cable Ornithology Technical Report. Technical Report: Inter-tidal, Nearshore and Offshore Cable Corridor Ornithology Report

Russell, D. J., S. M. Brasseur, D. Thompson, G. D. Hastie, V. M. Janik, G. Aarts, B. T. McClintock, J. Matthiopoulos, S. E. Moss, and B. McConnell. 2014. Marine mammals trace anthropogenic structures at sea. Current Biology 24:R638-R639.

Russell, D., C. Duck, C. Morris, and D. Thompson. 2016. SCOS –BP-16/03: Independent estimates of grey seal population size: 2008 and 2014.

RYA (2015). The RYA’s Position on Offshore Energy Developments: Paper 1 – Wind Energy. Southampton: MCA.

RYA (2019). UK Coastal Atlas of Recreational Boating 2.1. Southampton: RYA.

Scheidat, M., J. Tougaard, S. Brasseur, J. Carstensen, T. van Polanen Petel, J. Teilmann, and P. Reijnders. 2011. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea. Environmental Research Letters 6:1-10.

Schulkin, M., and J. A. Mercer. 1985. “Colossus Revisited: A Review and Extension of the Marsh-Schulkin Shallow Water Transmission Loss Model (1962).” DTIC Document.

SCOS. 2021. Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2020.

Scottish Government (2009). Renewables Action Plan. Renewable Energy Division. Available at: https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20180517172142mp_/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/278424/0083663.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2011). 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland. Available at: https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20180701151609/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/08/04110353/0. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2013a). Electricity generation policy statement 2013. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/electricity-generation-policy-statement-2013/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2013b). Planning Scotland’s Seas. Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters. Consultation Draft. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2013/07/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-consultation/documents/00428241-pdf/00428241-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00428241.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2014a). National Planning Framework 3. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-3/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2014b). Scottish Planning Policy. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-planning-policy/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2015). 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland – Update. Available at: https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00485407.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2015). Scotland's National Marine Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-marine-plan/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2015a). Cleaner Air for Scotland The Road to a Healthier Future. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/cleaner-air-scotland-road-healthier-future/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2017). Scottish Energy Scotland: The future of energy in Scotland. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2018). Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Applications: Consenting and Licensing Manual. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/marine-scotland-consenting-licensing-manual-offshore-wind-wave-tidal-energy-applications/pages/5/. Accessed August 2021.

 

Scottish Government (2020a). Cleaner Air for Scotland The Road to a Healthier Future, 2018/2019 Progress Report. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/cleaner-air-scotland-road-healthier-future-2018-19-progress-report/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2020b). Scotland’s Labour Market: People, Places and Regions Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/collections/labour-market-statistics/. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2020b). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2020/10/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/documents/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/govscot%3Adocument/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Government (2021). Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team: Scoping Opinion for Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/data/scoping-opinion-berwick-bank-offshore-wind-farm. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Natural Heritage (2011). Guidance - Survey and Monitoring in Relation to Marine Renewables Deployments in Scotland. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/natura-casework-guidance-how-consider-plans-and-projects-affecting-special-areas-conservation-sacs. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Renewables (2021). Statistics. Available at: https://www.scottishrenewables.com/our-industry/statistics. Accessed August 2021.

Scottish Tourism Alliance (2019). East Lothian Visitor Survey 2018. Available at: https://www.eastlothian.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/28174/east_lothian_visitor_survey_2018.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Sea Fish Industry Authority and UKFEN (2012). Best practice guidance for fishing industry financial and economic impact assessments.

Seagreen (2010a). Zone Appraisal and Planning Firth of Forth Zone Characterisation. Document No. A6SW/SEAG-Z-DEV260-SWR-017-A2. Seagreen, Glasgow.

Seagreen (2010b). Zone Consenting Strategy. Document No. A4MR/SEAG-Z-MGT110-SST-029. Seagreen, Glasgow.

Seagreen (2011). Zone Appraisal and Planning: Update December 2011. Seagreen Document No A4MR-SEAG-Z-DEV260-SRP-118 (December 2011).

Seagreen (2012a). Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1, Section 11 Benthic Ecology and Intertidal Ecology. September 2012.

Seagreen (2012b). Seagreen Alpha/Bravo . Section 12: Natural Fish and Shellfish Resource. EIA Report Volume 1.

Seagreen (2014). Zone Appraisal and Planning: Update 2. Seagreen Document No. A4MR-SEAG-ZDEV260-SRP-279 (April 2014).

Seagreen (2018). Seagreen Alpha/Bravo . Section 9: Natural Fish and Shellfish Resource. EIA Report, Volume 1.

Seagreen Wind Energy (2012) Seagreen Alpha/Bravo Environmental Statement. Available at: https://57000109-fbf8-40b5-bcc8-76eda50a7edb.filesusr.com/ugd/fe5128_a9be718a2b614283b2286d24b3163960.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Seagreen Wind Energy (2017) Seagreen Phase 1 Offshore Project: Scoping Report. Available at: https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00520547.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Seagreen Wind Energy (2018) Seagreen Alpha/Bravo Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Available at: https://57000109-fbf8-40b5-bcc8-76eda50a7edb.filesusr.com/ugd/fe5128_4bb5384086f44e569ee374f741a6cd1e.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Searle, K.R., Mobbs, D.C., Butler, A., Furness, R.W., Trinder, M.N. and Daunt, F. (2018). Finding out the Fate of Displaced Birds. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 9 No 8, 149pp.

Searle, K., Mobbs, D., Daunt, F. and Butler, A. (2019). A Population Viability Analysis Modelling Tool for Seabird Species. Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 274.

Searle, K., Butler, A., Bogdanova, M. and Daunt, F. (2020). Scoping Study - Regional Population Viability Analysis for Key Bird Species CR/2016/16. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 11 No 10, 118pp. DOI:10.7489/12327-1.

Sigray, P. and Andersson, M. (2011). Particle Motion Measured at an Operational Wind Turbine in Relation to Hearing Sensitivity in Fish. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 130. 200-7.

Skov, H., Durinck, J., Leopold, M. & Tasker, M.L. (1995). Important Bird Areas for Seabirds in the North Sea including the Channel and the Kattegat. (BirdLife international, Cambridge. 156 p).

Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, S. and Ellis, I., (2018). ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. [Online]. Available at: https://prod-drupal-files.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/orjip-bird-collision-avoidance-study_april-2018.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

SNH (2017a). Atlantic Salmon. Scottish Natural Heritage. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/plants-animals-and-fungi/fish/freshwater-fish/atlantic-salmon. Accessed August 2021.

Southall, B., J. J. Finneran, C. Reichmuth, P. E. Nachtigall, D. R. Ketten, A. E. Bowles, W. T. Ellison, D. Nowacek, and P. Tyack. 2019. Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Updated Scientific Recommendations for Residual Hearing Effects. Aquatic Mammals 45:125-232.

Southall, Brandon L., Ann E. Bowles, William T. Ellison, James J. Finneran, Roger L. Gentry, Charles R. Greene Jr, David Kastak, et al.,2007. “Marine Mammal Noise-Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations.” Aquatic Mammals 33 (4): 411–521.

Southall, Brandon L., James J. Finneran, Colleen Reichmuth, Paul E. Nachtigall, Darlene R. Ketten, Ann E. Bowles, William T. Ellison, Douglas P. Nowacek, and Peter L. Tyack (2019) "Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Updated scientific recommendations for residual hearing effects." Aquatic Mammals 45, no. 2 (2019): 125-232.

Sparling, C. 2012. Seagreen Firth of Forth Round 3 Zone Marine Mammal Surveys. Report number SMRUL-ROY-2012-006 to Royal Haskoning and Seagreen Wind Energy Ltd, March, 2012.

Special Committee on Seals (SCOS). 2020. Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2020. Available here: www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk/files/2021/06/SCOS-2020.pdf. Accessed August 2021. Accessed August 2021.

Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) (2009). Guidance on Environmental Impact Assessment of Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Surfing Resources and Recreation. Surfers Against Sewage, St Agnes, UK. Available at: sas-guidance-on-environmental-impact-assessment.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Teilmann, J., J. Tougaard, and J. Carstensen. 2006a. Summary on harbour porpoise monitoring 1999-2006 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms.

Teilmann, J., J. Tougaard, J. Cartensen, R. Dietz, and S. Tougaard. 2006b. Summary on seal monitoring 1999-2005 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms.

The Crown Estate (TCE) (2012a). The Crown Estate Guidance: Offshore Windfarms and Electricity Export Cables – Crossing Agreements. Available at: ei-km-in-pc-cables-export-transmission-cables-for-offshore-renewable-installations.pdf (thecrownestate.co.uk). Accessed August 2021.

The Crown Estate (TCE) (2012b). The Crown Estate Guidance: Submarine cables and offshore renewable energy installation – Proximity study. Available at: submarine-cables-and-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-proximity-study.pdf (thecrownestate.co.uk). Accessed August 2021.

The Crown Estate (TCE) (2014). Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries: Offshore Renewables Projects. Available at: 03-PAD Offshore Renewables_Crown Estate (thecrownestate.co.uk). Accessed August 2021.

The Planning Inspectorate (2018). Advice Note Twelve: Transboundary Impacts and Process. Available at:  https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/legislation-and-advice/advice-notes/advice-note-twelve-transboundary-impacts-and-process/. Accessed August 2021.

The Scottish Parliament (2018). A Guide to Gross Value Added (GVA) in Scotland. Available at: https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/Report/2018/2/23/A-Guide-to-Gross-Value-Added--GVA--in-Scotland#Executive-Summary. Accessed August 2021.

Thompson, D., C. Duck, C. Morris, and D. Russell. 2019. The status of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the United Kingdom. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29(S1):40-60.

Toso, Giovanni, Paolo Casari, and Michele Zorzi. 2014. “The Effect of Different Attenuation Models on the Performance of Routing in Shallow-Water Networks.” In Underwater Communications and Networking (UComms), 2014, 1–5. IEEE.

UK Military Aeronautical Information Publication (2020). Available at: https://www.aidu.mod.uk/aip/aipVolumes.html. Accessed on 22 June 2020;

UKHO (2016). Admiralty Sailing Directions North Sea (West) NP54. 10th Edition. Taunton: UKHO.

UK Government (2011). UK Marine Policy Statement. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-marine-policy-statement. Accessed August 2021.

Wade, H.M., Masden, E.A., Jackson, A.C. and Furness, R.W. (2016). Incorporating data uncertainty when estimating potential vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to marine renewable energy developments. Marine Policy, 70: 108-113.

Waggitt, J. J., P. G. H. Evans, J. Andrade, A. N. Banks, O. Boisseau, M. Bolton, G. Bradbury, T. Brereton, C. J. Camphuysen, J. Durinck, T. Felce, R. C. Fijn, I. Garcia-Baron, S. Garthe, S. C. V. Geelhoed, A. Gilles, M. Goodall, J. Haelters, S. Hamilton, L. Hartny-Mills, N. Hodgins, K. James, M. Jessopp, A. S. Kavanagh, M. Leopold, K. Lohrengel, M. Louzao, N. Markones, J. Martinez-Cediera, O. O’Cadhla, S. L. Perry, G. J. Pierce, V. Ridoux, K. P. Robinson, M. B. Santos, C. Saavedra, H. Skov, E. W. M. Stienen, S. Sveegaard, P. Thompson, N. Vanermen, D. Wall, A. Webb, J. Wilson, S. Wanless, and J. G. Hiddink. 2020. Distribution maps of cetacean and seabird populations in the North-East Atlantic. Journal of Applied Ecology 57:253-269.

Wanless, S., Harris, M. P., and Greenstreet, S. P. R. (1998). Summer Sandeel Consumption by Seabirds Breeding in the Firth of Forth, South-East Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55: 1141–1151.

Wessex Archaeology (2007). COWRIE Historic Environment Guidance for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector.

Wessex Archaeology for The Crown Estate (2020). In-press. Archaeological Mitigation for Offshore Wind Farms: Model Clauses for Written Schemes of Investigation. Draft – July 2020.

Weston D.E., Propagation in water with uniform sound velocity but variable-depth lossy bottom, J. Sound Vib., 47, pp.473-483, 1976.

White Consultants (2020). Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Review and Update of Seascape and Visual Buffer Study for Offshore Wind Farms. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/896084/White_Consultants_2020_Seascape_and_visual_buffer_study_for_offshore_wind_farms.pdf. Accessed August 2021.

Wildfowl and Wetland Trust (2017). Waterbird Monitoring – Where Have You Bean Goose? Available at: https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/2017/03/uk-waterbirds/goose-and-swan-monitoring-programme/where-have-you-bean-goose/. Accessed August 2021.

Woodward, I, Thaxter, C.B., Owen, E. and Cook, A.S.C.P. (2019).  Desk-based revision of seabird foraging ranges used for HRA screening.  BTO Research Report No. 724.  December 2019.  The British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU.

Wyn, G, Brazier, D P and McMath, A J (2000). CCW handbook for marine intertidal Phase 1 survey and mapping.CCW Marine Sciences Report: 00/06/01.

Wyn, G. and Brazier, P. (2001). Procedural Guideline No. 3-1 - In Situ Intertidal Biotope Recording. In Davies J., Baxter J., Bradley M., Connor D., Khan J., Murray E., Sanderson W., Turnbull C. and Vincent M. (2001). Marine Monitoring Handbook, 405 pp.

Wyn, G., Brazier, P., Birch, K., Bunker, A., Cooke, A., Jones, M., Lough, N., McMath, A. and Roberts, S. (2006). Handbook for Marine Intertidal Phase 1 Biotope Mapping Survey, Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, 114pp.

 

 

 

Cookie notice | Privacy notice